Chemical constituents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oil from the flowering aerial parts of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance

Figures & data

Figure 1. GC-MS analysis results of essential oil of Heracleum moellendorffii.

Table 1. Chemical composition of essential oil of Heracleum moellendorffii.

No	RT^a	RI^b	RI^c	Compound	Content (%)
1	7.92	933	931	α-Pinene	2.48
2	9.74	972	964	Sabinene	1.03
3	10.64	992	981	β-Myrcene	1.29
4	11.29	1005	1007	α-Phellandrene	0.29
5	11.97	1016	1017	α-Terpinene	0.24
6	12.4	1023	1025.4	o-Cymene	0.31
7	12.64	1027	—	D-Limonene	3.15
8	13.24	1037	1036	trans-β-Ocimene	1.21
9	13.83	1047	1041	β-Ocimene	1.51
10	14.42	1057	1053	γ-Terpinene	1.43
11	15.21	1070	1054	1-Octanol	0.37
12	16.2	1087	1080	α-Terpinolene	0.31
13	16.99	1100	1081	β-Linalool	0.28
14	18.84	1129	1131	(E,Z)-2,6-Dimethylocta-2,4,6-triene	0.69
15	21.84	1175	1175	(−)-4-Terpineol	3.32
16	22.74	1188	1192	L-α-Terpineol	0.36
17	23.04	1193	1176	1-Hexyl butyrate	1.02
18	23.45	1199	1194	(3Z)-3-Octenyl acetate	1.07
19	24.46	1215	1191	n-Octyl acetate	19.57
20	25.36	1229	1220	(R)-(+)-β-Citronellol	0.25
21	28.95	1284	1270	Bornyl acetate	0.74
22	32.2	1335	1343.7	Elemene isomer	0.34
23	33.42	1354	1331	β-Citronellyl acetate	0.29
24	34.6	1372	1376	α-Copaene	0.39
25	34.87	1377	—	(Z)-3-Octen-2-ol	0.39
26	35.14	1381	1386	β-Bourbonene	0.30
27	35.72	1390	1374	Octyl butyrate	4.36
28	37.27	1415	1421	β-Caryophyllene	7.35
29	37.87	1425	1428	β-Copaene	1.59
30	38.22	1431	1425	γ-Elemene	0.22
31	38.38	1433	1427	α-Bergamotene	1.29
32	38.8	1440	1431	Isogermacrene D	0.65
33	39.32	1449	1439	Aromandendrene	1.65
34	39.81	1457	1449	cis-β-Farnesene	1.15
35	41.08	1478	1480	Germacrene D	21.78
36	41.96	1493	1492	Valencene	1.06
37	42.86	1508	1499	α-Farnesene	0.28
38	43.04	1511	1503.9	Butylated hydroxytoluene	0.43
39	43.18	1513	1514	(Z)-γ-Bisabolene	1.19
40	43.32	1516	1508	β-Cadinene	0.59
41	43.61	1521	1537	δ-Cadinene	1.32
42	44.15	1530	1514	(Z)-γ-Bisabolene	0.47
43	44.54	1537	1535	Selina-3,7(11)-diene	0.28
44	46.89	1577	1575	β-Caryophyllene oxide	0.27
45	48.87	1615	1618	Junenol	0.22
46	50.28	1647	1628	T-Muurolol	0.76
47	50.87	1660	1641	α-Cadinol	1.04
48	52.03	1687	1694.5	4(15),5,10(14)-Germacratrien-1-ol	0.29
49	57.55	—	1997	(+)-Falcarinol	0.60
50	59.22	—	2700	Heptacosane	1.20
Monoterpenoids					37.20
Sesquiterpenoids					44.91
Others					10.56
Total					92.67

RT^a = Retention time. RI^b = retention index on TG-5 column in reference to n-alkanes. RI^c = retention index of literature.

Figure 2. Structural formula of chemical composition with content greater than 0.5% in essential oil of Heracleum moellendorffii.

Table 2. Antioxidant activity of essential oil of Heracleum moellendorffii.

Samples	DPPH (IC50, μg/mL)	ABTS (IC50, μg/mL)	Hydroxyl radicals (IC50, μg/mL)	Superoxide radicals (%, 2143 μg/mL)	TEACFRAP	TEACCUPRAC
Essential oil	5827.0 ± 0.6^c	62.7 ± 0.4^c	1611.1 ± 7.4^d	16.8 ± 0.4^b	0.04 ± 0.00^c	None
L-Ascorbic acid*	2.3 ± 0.2^a	3.0 ± 0.1^a	78.3 ± 0.3^b	N.T.	1.08 ± 0.01^a	1.39 ± 0.01^a
Trolox*	2.2 ± 0.3^a	4.5 ± 0.2^b	11.7 ± 0.8^a	N.T.	0.99 ± 0.02^a	1.01 ± 0.01^b
BHT*	8.7 ± 0.2^b	3.8 ± 0.1^b	197.0 ± 1.6^c	N.T.	0.30 ± 0.00^b	1.48 ± 0.01^a
Curcumin*	N.T.	N.T.	N.T.	59.1 ± 1.3^a	N.T.	N.T.

^a–dColumns with different superscripts indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05). *Used as a standard antioxidant. DPPH: 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; BHT: Butylated hydroxytoluene; ABTS: 2,2’-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt; Trolox: 6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid; IC₅₀: Concentration required to scavenge 50% of the radicals present in the test solution; FRAP: Ferric-reducing antioxidant power; CUPRAC: Cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity; TEAC: Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; N.T. indicates not tested. Values are the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments.

Table 3. Antibacterial activity of essential oil of Heracleum moellendorffii.

Samples	Escherichia coli (ATCC0157)		Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC19115)		Bacillus subtilis (CMCC63501)		Aerogenic bacterium (ATCC13048)
	MIC	MBC	MIC	MBC	MIC	MBC	MIC	MBC
Essential oil	16	>128	8	>128	64	>128	1	>128
Chloramphenicol^a	0.002	0.004	0.008	0.008	0.004	0.008	0.004	0.004
Streptomycin^a	0.002	0.002	0.008	0.008	0.008	0.008	0.002	0.004

^aUsed as a standard antibacterial agent. MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration (mg/mL); MBC: Minimum bactericidal concentration (mg/mL).

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.