Nature and performance of smoked marine fish markets. Evidence from Ghana

Figures & data

Figure 1. A typical fish marketing chain in Ghana.

Source: Modified from Nunoo et al. (2015).

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the respondents.

Variables	Fish Smokers		Wholesalers		Retailers
	Mean	Std. Dev	Mean	Std. Dev	Mean	Std. Dev
Age (years)	46.005	11.412	49.41	9.399	45.233	10.02
Married (yes = 1)	0.709	0.456	0.88	0.328	0.711	0.458
Household size	6.648	2.416	5.68	2.133	5.622	2.289
Dependency ratio	90.5	72.9	57.1	43.4	61.3	28.5
Formal education (yes = 1)	0.155	0.363	0.14	0.351	0.356	0.484
Years of experience	20.327	13.728	14.62	10.087	4.311	1.904

Source: Field Survey (2019).

Table 2. Structure of the smoked fish markets.

Fish	Fish smokers				Wholesalers				Retailers
	Concentration ratio (CR8)		Herfindal-Hirschman Index (HHI)		Concentration ratio (CR8)		Herfindal-Hirschman Index (HHI)		Concentration ratio (CR8)		Herfindal-Hirschman Index (HHI)
	Major	Minor	Major	Minor	Major	Minor	Major	Minor	Major	Minor	Major	Minor
Herrings	15.4	28.8	0.012	0.021	30.7	44.4	0.025	0.045	33.2	45.2	0.028	0.038
Anchovies	29.8	53.8	0.021	0.100	30.2	50.9	0.026	0.052	37.3	52.3	0.03	0.052
Salmon	30.8	59.8	0.024	0.064	37.6	57.7	0.031	0.074	57.0	59.7	0.172	0.061

Source: Field survey (2019) Note: The concentration ratios are presented in percentages.

Figure 2. The smoked marine fish marketing channel.

Source: Authors’ construct based on Survey data (2019).

Table 3. Cost and margins per 1 kg of fish sold by smokers.

Items	Fish smokers
	Herrings					Anchovies					Salmon
	Major		Minor			Major		Minor			Major		Minor
	Mean (Gh₵)	% of Total	Mean (Gh₵)	% of Total	Mean Diff	Mean (Gh₵)	% of Total	Mean (Gh₵)	% of Total	Mean Diff	Mean (Gh₵)	% of Total	Mean (Gh₵)	% of Total	Mean Diff
Processing/marketing cost items
Transportation cost	0.09	18.0	0.16	17.98	0.07*	0.08	15.69	0.19	16.52	0.11***	0.08	17.02	0.11	16.92	0.03
Cost of firewood	0.16	32.0	0.30	33.71	0.14***	0.17	33.33	0.36	31.30	0.19***	0.14	29.79	0.21	32.31	1.33***
Labour cost	0.13	26.0	0.21	23.60	0.08**	0.11	21.57	0.28	24.35	0.17***	0.11	23.40	0.14	21.54	0.87***
Packaging cost	0.11	22.0	0.19	21.60	0.08***	0.12	23.53	0.26	22.61	0.14**	0.10	21.28	0.16	24.62	1.02***
Market fee	0.01	2.0	0.03	3.37	0.02***	0.03	5.88	0.06	5.22	0.03**	0.04	8.51	0.03	4.62	0.01*
Total processing/ marketing cost (MC)	0.50	100	0.89	100	0.39***	0.51	100	1.15	100	2.71***	0.47	100	0.65	100	3.29***
Purchase price per 1 kg of fresh fish	10.24	–	13.26	–	3.02**	9.68	–	12.35	–	2.67***	10.51	–	13.62	–	3.11**
Selling price per 1 kg of smoked fish	15.58	–	21.96	–	6.38**	11.30	–	19.77	–	8.47**	15.30	–	21.75	–	6.45***
Gross Margin (GMM)	5.34	–	8.70	–	3.36**	1.62	–	7.42	–	5.80***	4.79	–	8.13	–	3.34***
Net marketing margin (NMM)	4.84	–	7.81	–	2.97**	1.11	–	6.27	–	5.16***	4.32	–	7.48	–	3.16***

Source: Field survey (2019) ***^, **^, and * denote statistical significance at 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively.

Table 4. Marketing cost and margins per 1 kg of smoked fish for wholesalers.

Items	Wholesalers
	Herrings					Anchovies					Salmon
	Major		Minor			Major		Minor			Major		Minor
	Mean(Gh₵)	% of Total	Mean(Gh₵)	% of Total	MeanDiff	Mean(Gh₵)	% of Total	Mean(Gh₵)	% of Total	MeanDiff	Mean(Gh₵)	% of Total	Mean(Gh₵)	% of Total	MeanDiff
Marketing cost items
Transportation cost	0.34	57.63	0.51	59.30	0.17***	0.35	58.33	0.53	52.48	0.21***	0.33	56.96	0.61	57.01	0.28***
Loading and off-loading cost	0.19	32.20	0.25	29.07	0.11***	0.19	31.67	0.35	34.65	0.16***	0.19	32.76	0.39	36.45	0.20***
Storage cost	0.05	8.47	0.08	9.30	0.03**	0.05	8.33	0.11	10.89	0.06***	0.05	8.62	0.06	5.61	0.01
Market fee	0.01	1.69	0.02	2.33	0.01***	0.01	1.67	0.02	1.98	0.01***	0.01	1.72	0.01	0.93	0.00
Total Marketing cost (MC)	0.59	100	0.86	100	0.27***	0.60	100	1.01	100	0.41***	0.58	100	1.07	100	0.49***
Purchase price per 1 kg of smoked fish	15.51	–	20.69	–	4.98***	11.34	–	19.60	–	8.26***	16.12	–	19.29	–	3.17***
Selling price per 1 kg of smoked fish	20.41	–	27.60	–	7.19***	19.42	–	23.66	–	4.24***	18.40	–	25.55	–	7.15***
Gross Marketing Margin (GMM)	4.90	–	6.91	–	2.01***	8.08	–	4.06	–	4.02***	2.28	–	6.26	–	3.98**
Net marketing margin (NMM)	4.31	–	6.05	–	1.74***	7.48	–	3.05	–	4.43***	1.70	–	5.19	–	3.49**

Source: Field survey (2019).

***, **, and * denote statistical significance at 1%, 5% and 10% respectively; US$1 = GH₵5.53 (Bank of Ghana, 2019).

Table 5. Marketing cost and margins per 1 kg of fish for retailers.

Cost items	Retailers
	Herrings					Anchovies					Salmon
	Major		Minor			Major		Minor			Major		Minor
	Mean(Gh₵)	% of Total	Mean (Gh₵)	% of Total	MeanDiff	Mean(Gh₵)	% of Total	Mean(Gh₵)	% of Total	MeanDiff	Mean(Gh₵)	% of Total	Mean(Gh₵)	% of Total	MeanDiff
Transportation cost	0.48	39.34	0.55	32.16	0.07**	0.48	36.92	0.57	32.39	0.09***	0.49	37.40	0.76	38.38	0.27***
Loading/off-loading cost	0.18	14.75	0.45	26.32	0.27***	0.18	13.85	0.37	21.02	0.19***	0.18	13.74	0.48	24.24	0.30***
Storage cost	0.51	41.80	0.59	34.50	0.08***	0.59	45.38	0.72	40.91	0.13***	0.59	45.04	0.64	32.32	0.05***
Market fee	0.05	4.10	0.12	7.02	0.07***	0.05	3.85	0.10	5.68	0.05***	0.05	3.82	0.10	5.05	0.05***
Total marketing cost (MC)	1.22	100	1.71	100	0.49***	1.30	100	1.76	100	0.46***	1.31	100	2.98	100	1.67***
Purchase price per 1 kg of smoked fish	15.21	92.57	19.06	91.77	3.85***	14.02	91.51	15.58	89.85	1.56***	15.37	92.15	21.18	91.45	9.51***
Selling price per 1 kg of smoked fish	24.47	–	29.10	–	4.63***	20.03	–	26.08	–	6.05***	18.55	–	28.30	–	9.74***
Gross Marketing Margin (GMM)	9.26	–	10.04	–	0.78***	6.01	–	10.5	–	4.49***	3.18	–	7.12	–	3.94***
Net marketing margin (NMM)	8.04	–	8.33	–	0.29	4.71	–	8.74	–	4.03***	1.87	–	5.14	–	3.27***

Source: Field survey (2019).

***, **, and * denote statistical significance at 1%, 5% and 10% respectively.

US$1 = GH₵5.53 (Bank of Ghana, 2019).

Table 6. Comparing net marketing margins (NMM) actors per 1 kg of fish sold.

	Major season				Minor season
	Smokers	Wholesalers	Retailers	Test –statistic(P-value)	Smokers	Wholesalers	Retailers	Test –statistic(P-value)
Fish	NMM (Gh₵)	NMM(Gh₵)	NMM(Gh₵)		NMM (Gh₵)	NMM(Gh₵)	NMM(Gh₵)
Herrings	4.86	4.31	8.04	37.84***(0.000)	7.82	6.05	8.33	4.87*(0.088)
Anchovies	1.11	7.48	4.71	41.15***(0.000)	6.27	5.43	8.74	6.87**(0.032)
Salmon	4.32	1.70	1.87	1.44(0.487)	7.48	5.19	5.14	1.02(0.602)

Source: Field survey (2019).

***^, **^, and * denote statistical significance at 1%, 5% and 10% respectively.

Table 7. Post Hoc tests for the Kruskal-Wallis H statistic.

Pairwise comparisons	Major season			Minor season
	Mean Diff-	Test statistic	P-value	Mean Diff-	Test statistic	P-value
Herrings
Smokers – Wholesalers	0.55	5.26	0.251	1.77	1.36	0.469
Smokers – Retailers	3.18***	60.42	0.000	0.51	0.69	0.873
Wholesalers – Retailers	3.73***	34.16	0.002	2.28**	18.67	0.017
Anchovies
Smokers – Wholesalers	6.37**	19.28	0.016	0.84	5.193	0.273
Smokers – Retailers	3.60***	46.35	0.000	2.47**	13,28	0.010
Wholesalers – Retailers	2.77***	27.13	0.001	3.31*	8.09	0.080

Source: Field survey (2019).

Note: The post hoc test (pairwise comparison) is carried out only when the Kruskal-Wallis H Statistic is significant.

***^, **^, and * denote statistical significance at 1%, 5% and 10% respectively.

Table 8. Marketing efficiency estimates.

	Major season				Minor season
Fish	Channel I	Channel II	Channel III	Channel IV	Channel I	Channel II	Channel III	Channel IV
Herrings
TMM (Gh₵/kg)	15.23	13.28	7.59	5.22	19.57	16.75	12.48	8.36
TMC (Gh₵/kg)	2.25	1.75	1.09	0.50	3.42	2.91	2.57	0.89
$N{P}_P$ (Gh₵/kg)	13.52	14.92	13.52	15.46	18.87	20.85	18.87	21.62
TML (GH₵/kg)	0. 34	0.32	0.30	0.29	0.47	0.45	0.42	0.39
Marketing efficiency	0.76	0.97	1.51	2.57	0.80	1.04	1.22	2.24
Anchovies
TMM (Gh₵/kg)	12.69	9.32	8.03	4.39	16.98	15.68	8.33	6.76
TMC (Gh₵/kg)	2.38	1.14	1.11	0.51	3.88	2.95	2.16	1.15
$N{P}_P$ (Gh₵/kg)	10.23	10.77	10.23	11.07	17.63	18.42	17.63	19.11
TML (Gh₵/kg)	0.27	0.24	0.26	0.22	0.38	0.32	0.34	0.29
Marketing efficiency	0.67	1.01	1.09	2.16	0.83	0.97	1.63	2.33
Salmon
TMM (Gh₵/kg)	10.31	8.22	4.49	4.70	15.64	12.91	10.5	8.02
TMC (Gh₵/kg)	3.05	1.83	1.05	0.47	4.47	3.63	1.72	0.65
$N{P}_P$ (Gh₵/kg)	13.30	14.67	13.30	15.21	18.93	20.88	18.93	21.64
TML (Gh₵/kg)	0.33	0.32	0.28	0.26	0.41	0.37	0.35	0.33
Marketing efficiency	0.97	1.41	2.29	2.80	0.92	1.23	1.51	2.40

Source: Field survey (2019).

Table A1. Normality and homogeneity of variance tests prior to the Kruskal-Wallis H test.

	Shapiro-Wilk test of Normality			Levene’s test
	Smokers	Wholesalers	Retailers
Major season
Herrings	0.61***(0.000)	0.89***(0.000)	0.94**(0.018)	13.91***(0.000)
Anchovies	0.90**(0.014)	0.95**(0.021)	0.91**(0.011)	14.462***(0.000)
Salmon	0.85***(0.000)	0.93**(0.028)	0.96(0.102)	11.29***(0.000)
Minor season
Herrings	0.85***(0.000)	0.93*(0.097)	0.96(0.444)	4.52**(0.013)
Anchovies	0.97(0.231)	0.84**(0.030)	0.89*(0.096)	5.16**(0.010)
Salmon	0.96(0.555)	0.81**(0.037)	0.81**(0.012)	1.33(0.276)

Source: Field survey (2019).

Note: The values in the parentheses are the probability associated with the test statistic.

***^, **^, and * denote statistical significance at 1%, 5% and 10% respectively.

Nunoo, F. K. E., Asiedu, B., Kombat, E. O., & Samey, B. (2015). Sardinella and other small pelagic value and supply chain of the fishery secotor, Ghana. In The USAID/Ghana Sustainable Fisheries Management Project (SFMP); Narrangansett RI, Coastal Resources Center, Graduate School of Oceanography. University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA and Netherlands Development Organisation. 2015.

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