Social entrepreneurship strategic grid: Visualizing classification, orientation and dimensionality in the strategic paradigms of governmental-scale social entrepreneurship (A literature-based approach)

Figures & data

Figure 1. Research implementation flowchart.

Table 1. The strategic conversional hierarchy: process of operationalizing abstract strategies to concrete tactics

Level	Decision	Scale	Explanation
Strategic level	Abstract and general	Large-scale	It covers mission, vision, and overall strategic direction.
Policy level	Semi-abstract	Mesoscale	It is an intermediary level between general concepts of strategy and particular and operational actions of tactic(s).
Tactical level	Concrete	Small-scale	It covers on the ground execution of the elements of strategy.

(Source: authors’ own work)

Table 2. Systematic approach in reviewing strategic SE literature

Literature Review
Method	Context	Process		Final Results
		Phase	Purpose
Desk-Based Approach	SE strategies	# 1: Desk-Based Literature Study	Acquisition of secondary data	Generalized large-scale variables for strategic SE
		# 2: Literature Compilation	Compilation of SE literature
		# 3: Literature Filtration	Filtration of the literature variables based on their relevance to strategic SE
		# 4:Variables’ Distillation	Extraction of the strategic and state-sponsoring SE variables
		# 5:Variables’ Generalization	Generalization of the extracted state-sponsoring SE variables

(Source: Authors’ own work)

Table 3. Literature review process

Literature Review Process
Phases	Explanations	Derived Concepts	Reviewed Literature
Phase 1: Desk-Based Literature Study	Led to the second phase’s concepts.	1. Social Value 2. Social Innovation 3. Social Opportunity Seeking 4. Social Change 5. Social Welfare 6. Social Results 7. Strategic Social Impacts 8. Social Mission 9. Social Volunteerism 10. Governmental Social Intervention 11. International Social Cooperation 12. Internally-Oriented Social Services	The following highly-cited SE literature.
Phase 2: Literature Compilation	SE literature Compilation	Social Value	Nicholls, 2006; Dees, 1998b; Hibbert, Hogg, & Quinn, 2002; Austin et al., 2012; Alvord, Brown, & Letts, 2004; Mort, Weerawardena, & Carnegie, 2002; Sarasvathy & Wicks, 2003; Peredo & McLean, 2006; Anderson & Dees, 2002; Townsend & Hart, 2008; Newbert & Hill, 2014; Easter & Conway Dato-On, 2015; Srivetbodee, Igel, & Kraisornsuthasinee, 2017; Scillitoe et al., 2018;
		Social Innovation	van der Have & Rubalcaba, 2016; Mulgan, 2006; Nicholls & Murdock, 2011; Phillips, Lee, Ghobadian, O’Regan, & James, 2015; Dawson & Daniel, 2010; Goldsmith, 2010; Franz, Hochgerner, & Howaldt, 2012; Maclean, Harvey, & Gordon, 2013; Westley & Antadze, 2010; Nicholls & Murdock, 2012; Tapsell & Woods, 2010; Tapsell & Woods, 2008; Lisetchi & Brancu, 2014; Chalmers, 2013; Geobey, Westley, & Weber, 2012; Moore, Westley, & Brodhead, 2012.
		Social Opportunity Seeking	González, Husted, & Aigner, 2017; Żur, 2015; Christiansen, 1997; Ferreira, 2002; Timmons & Spinelli, 2003; Rwigema & Venter, 2004; Kuratko & Hodgetts, 1995; Berthon, McHulbert, & Pitt, 2004; Mair & Marti, 2006; Zahra, Rawhouser, Bhawe, Neubaum, & Hayton, 2008; Thompson, Alvy, & Lees, 2000; Perrini, Vurro, & Costanzo, 2010; Guclu, Dees, & Anderson, 2002.
		Social Change	Nicholls & Cho, 2006; Prabhu, 1999; Hoffman, Badiane, & Haigh, 2010; Choi & Gray, 2008; Cohen & Winn, 2007; Waddock & Post, 1991; Stryjan, 2006; Picot, 2012; Millar, Hall, & Miller, 2013; Zhao & Han, 2019.
		Social Welfare	Bugg-Levine, Kogut, & Kulatilaka, 2012; Scheuerle, Schües, & Richter, 2013; Alvord et al., 2004; Battilana, Lee, Walker, & Dorsey, 2012; Haigh & Hoffman, 2012.
		Social Results	Dees, 1998a, 1998b; Thake & Zadek, 1997; Emerson & Twersky, 1996.
		Strategic Social Impacts	Rawhouser et al., 2019; Ormiston & Seymour, 2011; Dees et al., 2004; El Ebrashi, 2013; Bacq, Ofstein, Kickul, & Gundry, 2015; Bacq & Eddleston, 2018; Jiao, 2011; Bloom & Chatterji, 2009; Westley & Antadze, 2010.
		Social Mission	Brouard, Hebb, & Madill, 2008; Lasprogata & Cotton, 2003; Mas-Machuca, Ballesteros-Sola, & Guerrero, 2017; Driver, 2012.
		Social Volunteerism	Adams, 2009; Greblikaite, Sroka, & Grants, 2015; Gandhi & Raina, 2018; Volkmann, Goia, & Hadad, 2018; Forouharfar, 2018; Austin et al., 2012; Weisbrod, 1977. Young & Grinsfelder, 2011.
		Governmental Social Intervention	Auvinet & Lloret, 2015; Adams, 2009; Hervieux, Gedajlovic, & Turcotte, 2010; Zietlow, 2002. Florin & Schmidt, 2011.
		International Social Cooperation	Galera & Borzaga, 2009; Nicholls, 2008; Munoz, 2010; Kerlin, 2006; Kerlin, 2010; Forouharfar, 2018; Huda et al., 2019; Zahra, Newey, & Li, 2014; Davis, 2016; Lough & McBride, 2013; Yang & Wu, 2015;
		Internally-Oriented Social Services	Cheah et al., 2019; Forouharfar, 2018; Gras & Lumpkin, 2012; Easter & Conway Dato-On, 2015; Diochon, 2013; Idris & Hijrah Hati, 2013; Korosec & Berman, 2006; Duarte Alonso, Kok, & O’Brien, 2019.
Phase 3: Literature Filtration	SE Literature filtration based on relevance to strategic SE	1. Social Volunteerism 2. Governmental Social Intervention 3. International Social Cooperation 4. Internally-Oriented Social Services 5. Social Mission 6. Strategic Social Impact
Phase 4: Variables’ Distillation	SE Literature distillation based on state-sponsoring variables	1. Social Volunteerism 2. Governmental Social Intervention 3. International Social Cooperation 4. Internally-Oriented Social Services
Phase 5: Variables’ Generalization	SE Variables’ generalization based on their strategic orientations	1. Volunteerism 2. Governmentalism 3. Externalism 4. Internalism

(Source: Authors’ own work)

Table 4. Large-scale partnership examples

SE Enterprise Type	Examples	SE Strategies	Partnership (Dimensionality)
Local SE Enterprises	Namazi Hospital in Shiraz, Iran^1	Community-Focused Strategies	Community people = Localism
Global SE Enterprises/Subsidiaries	European Social Fund (ESF)^2	Job Provision Strategy Social Innovation Strategy	Partnering with the EU governments as well as local social enterprises in the EU^3 = Globalism
	UN’s subsidiaries, e.g.: UNESCO UNICEF FAO	Misery Relief Strategy	Partners: Nongovernmental/ intergovernmental/ private sector organizations^4^,^5^,^6 = Globalism
National SE Enterprises	Social Enterprise UK^7 Irish Social Enterprise Network^8 Social Enterprise Scotland^9	National Social Enterprise Promotion^10	National Social Enterprises = Nationalism
International SE Enterprises	Skoll Foundation	Large-Scale Impact Funding Strategy^11	International Enterprises: Sundance Institute National Public Radio Public Radio International HarperOne British Broadcasting Corporation^12= Internationalism
	Grameen Foundation	Microfinance Strategy^13	International Enterprises: Barr Foundation CISCOFoundation Citi Bank JPMorgan Chase & Co^14= Internationalism

(Source: Authors’ own work based on officially-stated strategies)

Table 5. Grid development components

Visualization Development
Variables	Nature	Relationship	Form (Visualization)
Strategic Orientations
1. Governmentalism	Contrary	Logically inverse correlation	Coordinate Axis System
2. Volunteerism
3. Externalism	Contrary	Logically inverse correlation
4. Internalism
Strategic Dimensions (Partnerships)
1. Internationalism	Contrary	Logically inverse correlation	Oblique Coordinates
2. Nationalism
3. Globalism	Contrary	Logically inverse correlation
4. Localism

(Source: Authors’ own work)

Table 6. Corroboration of the emerged SE strategic orientations and dimensions

Developed Economies
U.S.A.
Department/agency in charge of SE	Social Security Administration^17
Main Programs in 2019	Main Programs in 2019 (based on Social Security Act)^18: Old-Age and Survivors Insurance; Disability Insurance; Supplemental Security Income
SE Strategy	Guaranteed Minimum Income Strategy
Strategic Orientations	Public Budget reliance/funded by U.S. Treasury General Funds = Governmentalism/Internalism
Strategic Dimensions	Partnership between two federal agencies: Social Security Administration & U.S. Treasury = Nationalism/Localism
UK
Department/agency in charge of SE	Office for Civil Society (OCS)^19
Main Programs in 2019	Social Investment Program^20
Program Information	Cooperating closely with Big Social Capital as a private sector company^21
SE Strategy	Civil Society Strategy^22
Strategic Orientations	“The Civil Society Strategy extends to England only” (HM Government, 2018, p. 26). = Internalism “People in charge are active mobilized citizens” (HM Government, 2018, p. 4). = Volunteerism
Strategic Dimensions	15 missions are officially defined (HM Government, 2018, p. 4–7): 1. A connected, resourceful society 2. People in charge (active, mobilized citizens) 3. Opportunities for young people 4. Local communities empowerment 5. Investment in local communities 6. The voice of civil society through social enterprises 7. Funding and financing the social sector 8. Leadership, support and regulation [for social enterprise] 9. A social sector confident with digital 10. Supporting responsible businesses 11. Social impact investment 12. Tech for good 13. A framework for collaborative commissioning (civil society, citizens, local government) 14. Funding the future of public services 15. Commissioning for social value (Strengthening the Social Value Act) = Localism
Canada
Department/agency in charge of SE	Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC)^23 & Social Security Tribunal of Canada^24
Main Programs in 2019	Based on the Departmental Plan, 2018–2019^25: Canada Child Benefit program; Apprenticeship Incentive Grant for Women; Canada Pension Plan (CPP) enhancement; Social Development Partnerships Program; Children and Families Component; The Canada Disability Savings Program
Programs Information	“ … Starting in 2018–19; provided more flexible maternity, parental and caregiving benefits through Employment Insurance (EI); improved access to more affordable childcare; and continued to provide important support for seniors” (Departmental Plan, 2018–2019, p. 1). “ … To encourage careers in the trades with low female representation, and a new Pre-Apprenticeship program that will also benefit Indigenous peoples, newcomers and persons with disabilities” (Departmental Plan, 2018–2019, p. 1). “The CPP Enhancement will begin to be phased in as of January 2019, providing more money for Canadians when they retire” (Departmental Plan, 2018–2019, p. 2). “Through the Social Development Partnerships Program, ESDC aims to increase the social inclusion and participation of Canadians in society by providing grants and contributions to not-for-profit organizations, communities and other groups” (Departmental Plan, 2018–2019, p. 16). “Additional funding of $5 million in both 2018–19 and 2019–20 will be available through the Social Development Partnership Program-Children and Families Component to support projects related to innovation in the service delivery of Early Learning and Child Care […] and Social Development Canada 2018–19 Departmental Plan provide not-for-profit organizations, provincial/territorial entities and indigenous organizations across Canada with funding to tackle barriers faced by children, families and other vulnerable populations, and is part of the $7.5 billion investment over 11 years in Early Learning and Child Care announced in Budgets 2016 and 2017” (Departmental Plan, 2018–2019, p. 16–17). “The Canada Disability Savings Program, comprised of the Registered Disability Savings Plan, the Canada Disability Savings Grant and the Canada Disability Savings Bond, enables people with disabilities to achieve long-term financial security by helping them and their families save for the future” (Departmental Plan, 2018–2019, p. 23).
SE Strategies	Youth Employment Strategy; Homelessness Partnering Strategy; National Housing Strategy; Poverty Reduction Strategy; [federal] Social Innovation and Social Finance Strategy
Strategic Orientations	“Building on Budget 2016, which invested $111.8 million over two fiscal years, the National Housing Strategy announced an investment of $2.2 billion to expand and extend programming to support communities in preventing and reducing homelessness beyond 2018–19” (Departmental Plan, 2018–2019, p. 15) = Governmentalism “The Strategy [Poverty Reduction Strategy] will reflect on what we heard from Canadians, and will be grounded in Indigenous reconciliation, in line with the Government’s commitment to advance a renewed relationship that is based on the recognition of rights, respect, cooperation and partnership” (Departmental Plan, 2018–2019, p. 16). = Governmentalism “The Strategy [Social Innovation and Social Finance Strategy] will aim to support greater growth and sustainability of social and other service-providing organizations, and improve the effectiveness of social interventions” (Departmental Plan, 2018–2019, p. 17). = Governmentalism
Strategic Dimensions	“To improve labor market outcomes for youth, as announced in Budget 2018, ESDC will engage with partners and stakeholders to continue laying the groundwork for a renewed Youth Employment Strategy with the goal of being responsive to the evolving needs of young Canadians” (Departmental Plan, 2018–2019, p. 33). = Localism “In 2018–19, through the Homelessness Partnering Strategy, ESDC will continue to work with communities to deliver investments and address local homelessness” (Departmental Plan, 2018–2019, p. 15). = Localism “Through the National Housing Strategy, ESDC is working with the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporate to re-engage in affordable housing by bringing together the public, private and non-profit sectors” (Departmental Plan, 2018–2019, p. 16). = Nationalism
Japan
Department/agency in charge of SE	Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare^26
Main Programs in 2019	Social Welfare Programs based on Public Assistance Act (Act No. 144 of 1950^27, amended in 2006): Livelihood assistance; Housing assistance; Education assistance; Medical assistance; Long-term care assistance; Maternity assistance; Occupational assistance; Funeral assistance
Programs Information	“Article 1: The purpose of this Act is for the State to guarantee a minimum standard of living as well as to promote self-support for all citizens who are living in poverty by providing the necessary public assistance according to the level of poverty, based on the principles prescribed in Article 25 of the Constitution of Japan” (Public Assistance Act: Article 1, Ministry of Justice, 2019).^28
SE Strategy	Expense Compensation Strategy
Strategic Orientations	“Providing assistance for those who have trouble making a living despite utilizing all their assets and ability, depending on the level of necessity” (Public Assistance System, 2019, p. 2).^29 = a) Governmentalism, b) Internalism
Strategic Dimensions	= Nationalism
Germany
Department/agency in charge of SE	Federal Ministry of labor and Social Affairs (Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales- BMAS)^30 & Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend-BMFSFJ)^31
Main Programs in 2019	-BMAS has the following programs: Child benefit; Maternity protection; Employment promotion; Industrial democracy; Occupational accident insurance; Rehabilitation and participation of persons with disabilities; Health insurance; Long-term care insurance; Pension insurance; Social compensation; Social assistance; International social insurance (Official social security at a glance brochure, 2018).^32 -BMFSFJ’s programs fall within the following areas: Children and youth; Civic engagement policy; Family; Senior citizens; Equality; European and international cooperation.^33
SE Strategy	Welfare State Strategy^34, Federal Volunteering Strategy based on the following acts: - Youth Voluntary Service Act (Jugendfreiwilligendienstgesetz) - Federal Voluntary Service Act (Bundesfreiwilligendienstgesetz)
Strategic Orientations	“In the federal volunteer service women and men commit themselves to the common good, primarily in the social, environmental and cultural spheres, as well as in the fields of sports, integration, and civil protection and disaster relief. Federal volunteer service promotes lifelong learning (Federal Volunteer Service Act of 28 April 2011, Federal Law Gazette Part I, p. 687).^35 = Volunteerism
Strategic Dimensions	-BMFSFJ’s for its strategic visions has “European and international cooperation” as stated by its official website: “For the constant societal change in Germany to be successful and likewise to be harnessed as an opportunity, major challenges will have to be considered in contexts reaching beyond national borders with solutions to be developed at local, national and global level.”^36= a) Nationalism; b) Internationalism; c) Globalism
Economies in Transition
Russian Federation
Department/agency in charge of SE	Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation^37
Main Programs in 2019	Social protection programs; Labor protection programs
SE Strategy	National Action Strategy for Women
Strategic Orientations	Joint program with the EU: “The Council of Europe and Russian Federation are launching on Tuesday, 29 January 2019 at 11:00 the joint project “Co-operation on the implementation of the Russian Federation National Action Strategy for Women (2017–2022)”. “The financial support is provided by the European Union and the Council of Europe. The launch event will take place in the premises of the Council of Europe Program Office in Moscow.”^38= Externalism
Strategic Dimensions	= International partnership for national intensions = (a) Internationalism, b) Nationalism.
Armenia
Department/agency in charge of SE	Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs^39
Main Programs in 2019	Funding all social services through public budget: State social assistance programs; Social security programs; Social protection programs; State social insurance programs; Employment programs (European Commission, 2011). Family Living Standards Enhancement Benefits (FLSEB) after Family Benefits Program (European External Action Service, 2019).
Program Information	“FLSEB program is one of the largest social assistance programs implemented in Armenia. This program aimed at improving the living standards of beneficiaries is the successor of the Family Benefits Program that was effective until 1 January 2014. It encompasses family benefits for poor families with children and social benefits for poor families with no children” (European External Action Service, 2019, p. 93).
SE Strategy	Welfare State Strategy: Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS)
Strategic Orientations	“Currently an integrated social service system is implemented in the area of social protection […] Local social programs are designed by community heads with the support of territorial centers for complex social services (TCCSS) based on assessment of the community social needs” (European External Action Service, 2019)^40. = Internalism
Strategic Dimensions	= Localism
Ukraine
Department/agency in charge of SE	Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine^41
Main Programs in 2019	Some of the current programs in 2019 are: Pension Program; Volunteerism; Combating Human Trafficking Programs; Programs For Internally Displaced Persons.
SE Strategy	The National Drug Strategy
Strategic Orientations	“The National Drug Strategy of Ukraine for the period through 2020, which internally provides support to the employment and reintegration of drug addicts under rehabilitation” (Ronsandic & Smal, 2018, p. 16). = Internalism
Strategic Dimensions	“ … There are a few institutions offering microcredit to SMEs including social enterprises. There are some institutions filling the microfinance gap in Ukraine, such as: German-Ukrainian Fund (GUF)^42, a non-profit financial organization founded by the National Bank of Ukraine, the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine and the German KfW Development Bank to promote micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Ukraine” (Ronsandic & Smal, 2018, p. 22). = Internationalism “A significant contribution to the promotion of social entrepreneurship in Ukraine was made by the Social Enterprise Support Centre, set up in October 2010 at the SESP Association,and the Resource Centre “Social Initiative” created in September 2012. These Centres were founded under the joint initiative of the British Council in Ukraine, East Europe Foundation, PricewaterhouseCoopers in Ukraine, Erste Bank and the International “Renaissance” Foundation (the project “Development of social entrepreneurship in Ukraine”)” (Ronsandic & Smal, 2018, p. 10). = Internationalism “Ukrainian Social Investment Fund mobilizes resources and directs them towards improvement of social- communal infrastructure and social services. Using partnership between national and local authorities, communities and private and public organizations, USIF solves local urgent needs in an effective and transparent way.” (Ronsandic & Smal, 2018, p. 21). = Localism “Active Citizens Ukraine: British Council in partnership with 68 local partner NGOs and youth organisations around Ukraine/Duration: November 2014—March 2018/Funding: £825,000” (Ronsandic & Smal, 2018, p. 23). = Globalism
Azerbaijan
Department/agency in charge of SE	The State Agency for Public Service and Social Innovations^43
Main Programs in 2019	The state program for poverty reduction and sustainable development; The state program for combating corruption^44; The project of ASAN School (volunteer experience school)^45.
SE Strategy	Cooperating strategy with volunteering local and international social enterprises (e.g. Heydar Aliyev Foundation^46)
Strategic Orientations	= Volunteerism
Strategic Dimensions	On 28/02/2018 a meeting held between Azerbaijani and South African delegations “to export the experience of Azerbaijan in the field of social and IT innovations to South Africa”.^47 = Globalism
Belarus
Department/agency in charge of SE	Ministry of Labor and Social Protection^48
Main Programs in 2019	State program on Social Protection and Promotion of Employment for 2016–2020^49; Family with Children Support Program (FCSP)^50
Program Information	FCSP: “Childcare benefits are paid to families until the child reaches the age of 3, regardless of employment and income of the parents.”^51/based on National Demographic Security Program of the Republic of Belarus, 2011–2015.^52^,^53
SE Strategy	Socio-Demographical Strategy
Strategic Orientations	“To stabilize the demographic situation in Belarus, a two-pronged strategy should be pursued: attracting select categories of immigrants to compensate for the population decline, while also maintaining and strengthening domestic human capital.” And also, “Improving population health and life expectancy at birth.”^54= Internalism
Strategic Dimensions	“The new approach should be based on the principle of partnership between the state and the public.”^55= Localism
Developing Economies
Algeria
Department/agency in charge of SE	Ministry of Employment, Labor and Social Security (MELSS)
Main Programs in 2019	National Employment Program
SE Strategy	National Employment Increase Strategy; National Neonatal Health Strategy
Strategic Orientations	“The National Employment Policy was drafted in 2008 and adopted by the government within the 2010–2014 five-year plan” the following national agencies cooperated with MELSS: National Employment Agency; National Agency for Supporting Youth Employment; National Unemployment Insurance Fund^56 = Governmentalism (with Nationalist dimension) “A national neonatal health strategy supported by UNICEF Algeria was finalized. Newborn children now benefit from improved health care services in hospitals and maternities targeted by the plan” (UNICEF, 2017).^57= Externalism
Strategic Dimensions	“UNICEF Algeria provided local health partners with enough vaccines to cover the yearly vaccination needs of 22,000 children … The vaccines were locally procured from the Institut Pasteur Algérie (IPA) as pre-approved by UNICEF Supply Division.” And “In 2014, a new partnership with the National Economic and Social Council (CNES) offered a space of exchange, knowledge and policy development around equity approaches.”^58 = Global partnership for Local intensions (Globalism/Localism).
India
Department/agency in charge of SE	Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MSJE)^59; Ministry of Women and Child Development; The Central Social Welfare Board (“The Central Social Welfare Board was established in 1953 by a Resolution of Govt. of India to carry out welfare activities for promoting voluntarism, providing technical and financial assistance to the voluntary organizations for the general welfare of family, women and children.”^60 = Volunteerism)
Main Programs in 2019	Scheduled Caste Welfare Programs of MSJE
SE Strategy	Welfare State Strategies^61; Gender Budgeting Strategy
Strategic Orientations	Welfare strategies’ mission statement: “Article 38: State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people”(Part IV of the Constitution, Directive Principles of State Policy). = Internalism “Gender Budgeting is an exercise to translate stated gender commitments of the Government into budgetary commitments. This is a strategy for ensuring gender sensitive resource allocation and enables tracking and allocating resources for women empowerment.”^62 = Internalism
Strategic Dimensions	= Nationalism
Brazil
Department/agency in charge of SE	Ministry of Women, Family and Human Rights^63
Main Programs in 2019	Child Protected Program 2019; The National Campaign against Violence against the Elderly 2019
Programs Information	“The Program [Child Protected Program 2019] consists of training and qualification of agents that are part of the Child and Adolescent Rights Guarantee System, with the proposal to strengthen the System and improve the care, assistance and protection of children and adolescents with violated rights.”^64 = Localism “The initiative [The National Campaign] is part of a global movement that alludes to the International Day of Awareness and Fight against Violence against the Elderly, remembered on June 15 [2019]. The Campaign aims to address measures to prevent and identify situations of violence, neglect and abuse against the elderly. Experiences and good practices will be shared, with contributions to a protocol of care proposal.”^65 = Globalism
SE Strategy	National Child Protection Strategy; National Elderly Violence Prevention
Strategic Orientations	“municipal governments”^66 = Governmentalism
Strategic Dimensions	Through a partnership with municipal governments, the Program aims to optimize opportunities for digital and social inclusion, ensuring the participation of the elderly, with the purpose of raising the quality of life. Actions include the areas of technology, education, health, and physical mobility.”^67= Localism
Oman
Department/agency in charge of SE	Ministry of Social Affairs and Labor^68
Main Programs in 2019	Social Assistance Program; Social Security Program
Programs Information	“It [Social Assistance Program] includes cash and temporary intangible assistances, special cases assistances, emergent cases assistances and assistances in cases of disasters and calamities to the needy families and individuals in pursuant with the assistances regulations issued by the Ministerial decision No. (72/2014)”.^69 “It [Social Security Program] is one of the components of the social safety network in the Sultanate. It is regulated by the social security law issued by the Royal Decree No (87/84) and its amendments. According to the law, monthly salaries are paid to specific groups who do not have sufficient income for living and do not have the bound breadwinner who is able to pay for their expenditures.”^70
SE Strategy	Welfare State Strategy
Strategic Orientations	State cooperation & partnership with: Omani Professional Associations^71; Omani Charities^72; Community Clubs^73 = Internalism
Strategic Dimensions	Partnership with local community and social enterprises to promote national goals = a) Localism, b) Nationalism
Turkey
Department/agency in charge of SE	Ministry of Family, Labor and Social Services^74
Main Programs in 2019	ADEM 2019 Project; Combating Violence against Women Program; Women’s Employment Program
Programs Information	1^st program: “Women who participate in courses in ADEMs can establish their own work place with grants and credits given by related institutions after vocational training.”^75= Governmentalism 2nd program: National Action Plan for Combating Violence Against Women 2016–2020^76 3rd program: Action Plan Focusing on Women’s Employment
SE Strategy	Women Empowerment Strategy
Strategic Orientations	“The Action Plan was developed under the project “More and Better Jobs for Women: Women’s Empowerment through Decent Work in Turkey” implemented jointly by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and İŞKUR with funding from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA).”^77 = Externalism
Strategic Dimensions	Global partnership for the promotion of national interests = Globalism

(Source: Authors’ own work, based on consulting the official websites/publications of each governmental body, or national and officially-approved and -funded studies)

Figure 2. Governmental-scale SE strategic orientations.

Figure 3. Social entrepreneurship strategic dimensionality.

Figure 4. Classification of governmental-scale SE strategies.

Figure 5. Social entrepreneurship governmental-scale strategic grid.

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