Determinants of household drinking-water source in Indonesia: An analysis of the 2007 Indonesian family life survey

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive analyses of variables (N = 12,213)

Variables	N	Per cent (%)	Mean	Median	Min	Max
Drinking water source
Unimproved	4,020	32.92
Improved	5,552	45.46
Piped	2,641	21.62
Place of residence
Rural	5,685	46.55
Urban	6,528	53.45
Island of residence
Java	7,102	58.15
Sumatera	2,538	20.78
Bali	571	4.68
NTB & NTT	780	6.39
Sulawesi	597	4.89
Kalimantan	625	5.12
Sanitation ladder
No facility	1,961	16.06
Unimproved facility	2,287	18.73
Improved facility	7,965	65.22
Number of household members			5.37	5	1	39
House is a single unit type
No^a	3,100	25.38
Yes	9,113	74.62
Marital status of household head
Not married	904	7.40
Married	9,694	79.37
Separated/divorced/bereaved	1,615	13.22
Sex of household head
Male	10,009	81.95
Female	2,204	18.05
Average number of internal migration of household members			0.67	0	0	11
Education of household head
None	3,392	27.77
Primary	3,113	25.49
Junior high	1,692	13.85
Senior high	2,711	22.20
College/university	1,305	10.69
Household head worked last year
No	1,622	13.28
Yes	10,591	86.72
Household has health card
No	10,201	83.53
Yes	2,012	16.47
Household has utilised letter for poor (SKTM)
No	10,964	89.77
Yes	1,249	10.23
Household participates in PKPS Program
No	9,684	79.29
Yes	2,529	20.71
Wealth index score			0.00	0.17	−4.73	2.61
Share of food expenditure (%)			56.15	57.43	0	97.22

^a Other types of house include: (1) single unit multiple levels. (2) duplex single level, (3) duplex multiple levels, (4) multiple unit single levels, (5) house on stilts, (6) high-rise/apartment buildings, and (6) house-store units.

Table 2. Multivariate analyses of independent variables for drinking water ladder (N = 12,213)

Variables	Eq. 1 = Unimproved vs. (Improved & Piped)		Eq. 2 = (Unimproved & Improved) vs. Piped
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Place of residence
Rural area (Ref.)	1	–	1	–
Urban area	2.588^***	[2.357;2.840]	2.260^***	[2.035; 2.510]
Island of residence
Java (Ref.)	1	–	1	–
Sumatera	0.516^***	[0.464; 0.575]	1.505^***	[1.337; 1.693]
Bali	0.857	[0.698; 1.051]	2.719^***	[2.252; 3.284]
NTB & NTT	0.393^***	[0.332; 0.466]	1.265^**	[1.043; 1.536]
Sulawesi	1.096	[0.895; 1.343]	2.192^***	[1.796; 2.677]
Kalimantan	2.095^***	[1.702; 2.580]	5.295^***	[4.407; 6.363]
Sanitation ladder
No facility (Ref.)	1	–	1	–
Unimproved facility	1.391^***	[1.220; 1.587]	1.552^***	[1.326; 1.818]
Improved facility	2.554^***	[2.257; 2.889]	1.766^***	[1.503; 2.075]
Number of household members	1.017^***	[1.004; 1.031]		Same^a
House is a single unit type
No (Ref.)	1	–
Yes	0.768^***	[0.704; 0.838]		Same
Marital status of household head
Not married (Ref.)	1	–	1	–
Married	0.705	[0.569; 0.875]	2.320^***	[1.867; 2.883]
Separated/divorced/bereaved	0.672	[0.525; 0.860]	1.980^***	[1.548; 2.532]
Sex of household head
Male (Ref.)	1	–	1	–
Female	0.926	[0.794; 1.081]	1.204^**	[1.022; 1.419]
Average number of internal migration of household members	0.923^***	[0.886; 0.961]		Same
Education of household head
None (Ref.)	1	–	1	–
Primary	0.968	[0.874; 1.071]		Same
Junior high	1.069	[0.944; 1.210]		Same
Senior high	1.472^***	[1.278; 1.697]	0.882^*	[0.767; 1.014]
College/university	2.047^***	[1.639; 2.557]	0.998	[0.837; 1.189]
Household head worked last year
No (Ref.)	1	–
Yes	0.852^***	[0.760; 0.955]		Same
Household has health card
No (Ref.)	1	–		–
Yes	0.930	[0.836; 1.035]		Same
Household has utilised letter for poor
No (Ref.)	1	–		–
Yes	0.903	[0.795; 1.025]		Same
Household participates in PKPS-BBM program
No (Ref.)	1	–	1	–
Yes	0.697^***	[0.624; 0.779]	1.072	[0.940; 1.223]
Wealth index score	1.194^***	[1.146; 1.244]	1.021	[0.977; 1.068]
Share of food expenditure (%)	0.990^***	[0.987; 0.992]		Same

^* p < 0.10.

^** p < 0.05.

^*** p < 0.01.

^a Estimates for (unimproved & improved) vs. piped are the same with unimproved vs. (improved or piped).

Notes: OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; Ref. = referent category; Eq. = equation; NTB = Nusa Tenggara Barat; NTT: Nusa Tenggara Timur.