Socio-demographic determinants of physical activity (PA): A working class perspective

Figures & data

Table 1. SDVs, their definitions and coding scheme

SDV	Operational definition	Coding scheme
Sector 1 (level of public-orientation)	Whether or not one is employed in a semi-public, public or private organization	Partially public (1); public (2); private (3)
Sector 2 (level of industrial orientation)	The industrial sector in which an individual is employed (at the level of sector 1)	Services (1); manufacturing (2); construction (3)
Alternative employment (AE)	Whether or not one has other occupations or has a personal business/enterprise apart from being employed by another organization or individual	No (0); Yes (1)
Income	The total amount of money earned monthly from employment and personal investment	GHS <1,000 (1); GHS 1,000–1,500 (2); GHS 1,501–2,000 (3); GHS 2,001–2,500 (4) GHS 2,501–3,000 (5); GHS >3,000 (6)
Age	The age of the individual	26–30 (3); 31–35 (4); 36–40 (5); 41–45 (6); 46–50 (7); 51–55 (8); 56–60 (9); Above 60 (10)
Marital status	Whether or not the individual is married	Not married (0); Married (1)
Gender	Sex of the individual; the state of being a male or female	Male (1); Female (2)
Education	The highest formal educational qualification of the individual	No education (0); basic (1); secondary (2); diploma (3); first degree (4); second degree (5); PhD or higher (6)
Tenure	The number of years the individual has been employed in an organization (at the level of sector 1)	Up to 2 years (1); 3–5 years (2); 6–10 years (3); Above 10 years (4)
Employee category	Whether or not the individual belongs to one of these groups: non-managers, lower level managers, middle managers, or executives (topmost managers)	Non-managers (1); lower-level managers (2); middle managers (3); executives (4)
Number of dependents (NDs)	The number of individuals one has been spending his or her income on in the last 1 year	This is measured as a continuous variable
Tribe	The tribal affiliation of the individual	Ewe (1); Akan (2); Ga (3); Hausa (4); Guan (5); Others [Frafra, Dagomba, etc.] (6)
Religion	The religious affiliation of the individual	Traditional (1); Christian (2); Islamic (3); Hindu (4); Atheist (5); Others (6)
History of Chronic Disease (HCD)	Whether or not the individual currently has a chronic disease condition or had experienced this condition in the past (i.e. hypertension, stroke, diabetes, HIV/AIDs, etc.)	No (0); Yes (1)

Table 2. Summary descriptive statistics for categorical SDVs

Set 1				Set 2
Variable	Level	Frequency	Percentage	Variable	Level	Frequency	Percentage
Sector 1	Partially public	129	18.8	Education	Secondary	85	12.4
	Public	172	25.1		Diploma	172	25.1
	Private	385	56.1		First degree	86	12.5
	Total	686	100		Second degree	171	24.9
Sector 2	Services	172	25.1		PhD or higher	172	25.1
	Manufacturing	257	37.5		Total	686	100
	Construction	257	37.5	Tenure	Up to 2 years	172	25.1
	Total	686	100		3–5 years	171	24.9
AE	No	300	43.7		6–10 years	171	24.9
	Yes	386	56.3		Above 10 years	172	25.1
	Total	686	100		Total	686	100
Income	GHS <1,000	43	6.3	Employee category (Ecat)	Non-manager	43	6.3
	GHS 1,000–1,500	43	6.3		Lower manager	171	24.9
	GHS 1,501–2,000	42	6.1		Middle manager	85	12.4
	GHS 2,001–2,500	86	12.5		Executive	387	56.4
	GHS 2,501–3,000	215	31.3		Total	686	100
	GHS >3,000	257	37.5	Tribe	Ewe	301	43.9
	Total	686	100		Akan	129	18.8
Age	26–30	129	18.8		Ga	129	18.8
	31–35	129	18.8		Hausa	127	18.5
	36–40	43	6.3		Total	686	100
	41–45	301	43.9	Religion	Traditional	86	12.5
	Above 60	84	12.2		Christian	385	56.1
	Total	686	100		Islamic	215	31.3
Marital status	Not married	258	37.6		Total	686	100
	Married	428	62.4	HCD	No	386	56.3
	Total	686	100		Yes	300	43.7
Gender	Female	301	43.9		Total	686	100
	Male	385	56.1
	Total	686	100

Table 3. Descriptive statistics showing PA level for relevant SDVs

	Level	N	Mean	SD
Gender	Male	301	756.268	226.112
	Female	385	627.019	233.320
Sector 1	Partially public	129	950.676	219.312
	Public	172	1,141.879	629.036
	Private	385	389.350	218.530
Marital status	Not married	258	834.779	225.942
	Married	428	592.303	231.756
Religion	Traditional	86	809.143	233.694
	Christian	385	610.462	130.192
	Islamic	215	764.813	128.696
HCD	No	386	772.291	131.586
	Yes	300	569.337	127.710
Tribe	Ewe	301	865.756	327.914
	Akan	129	747.723	226.758
	Ga	129	701.257	229.614
	Hausa	127	168.238	74.042
Sector 2	Services	172	486.020	224.046
	Manufacturing	257	690.575	230.192
	Construction	257	808.608	237.638

Table 4. Correlation matrix of SDVs and PA

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
Sector 1	1
Sector 2	−.078^*	1
AE	−.06	.787^**	1
Income	.695^**	.086^*	.066	1
Age	.739^**	.036	−.153^**	.360^**	1
Mstatus	.537^**	.123^**	.098^*	.359^**	.500^**	1
Gender	.584^**	.140^**	−.016	.494^**	.456^**	.096^*	1
Education	.434^**	.258^**	.337^**	.761^**	.047	.048	.614^**	1
Tenure	.717^**	−.073	−.058	.620^**	.355^**	.231^**	.508^**	.482^**	1
Ecat	.467^**	.130^**	.414^**	.539^**	.019	.273^**	.165^**	.500^**	.304^**	1
NDs	.749^**	.066	−.223^**	.578^**	.868^**	.485^**	.511^**	.189^**	.546^**	.067	1
Tribe	.565^**	−.089^*	−.230^**	.277^**	.699^**	.414^**	.417^**	.099^**	.674^**	−.07	.747^**	1
Religion	.238^**	−.426^**	−.137^**	.062	.026	.230^**	.063	−.125^**	.132^**	.237^**	−.041	−.03	1
HCD	.384^**	−.144^**	−.242^**	.522^**	.277^**	−.098^*	.270^**	.201^**	.168^**	−.037	.407^**	−.096^*	.137^**	1
PA	−.574^**	.257^**	.288^**	−.178^**	−.785^**	−.245^**	−.133^**	.090^*	−.269^**	.079^*	−.549^**	−.479^**	.032	−.209^**	1

^* Correlations significant at 5% level.

^** Correlations significant at 1% level.

Table 5. OLS model summary

Model	R	R^2	Adjusted R^2	Std. error of the estimate	Durbin-Watson
1	.981^a	.963	.962	.17497	2.203

Notes: Dependent variable: PA; ANOVA [df (regression) = 14; df (residual) = 671; F = 1247.91; p = .000].

^a Predictors: (Constant), HCD, Ecat, Tribe, Sector 2, Religion, Mstatus, Gender, Education, Tenure, Age, AE, NDs, Income, Sector 1.

Table 6. OLS coefficients

	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients	t	Sig.	95% CI for B		Collinearity statistics
	B	Std. error	β			Lower bound	Upper bound	Tolerance	VIF
(Constant)	480.859	40.822		11.779	.000	400.704	561.013
Sector 1	−24.236	50.782	−.049	−.477	.633	−123.947	75.476	.715	3.625
Sector 2	343.825	13.368	.699	25.72	.000	317.577	370.073	.711	3.417
AE	−136.286	11.415	−.352	−11.939	.000	−158.7	−113.872	.621	5.787
Income	−117.556	22.504	−.456	−5.224	.000	−161.742	−73.37	.402	8.04
Age	−320.336	12.647	−1.711	−25.328	.000	−345.169	−295.503	.432	8.752
Mstatus	182.882	34.349	.231	5.324	.000	115.437	250.327	.701	4.076
Gender	162.752	14.476	.21	11.243	.000	134.329	191.176	.544	6.351
Education	52.648	16.612	.191	3.169	.002	20.03	85.266	.643	5.724
Tenure	−223.389	24.388	−.651	−9.16	.000	−271.274	−175.504	.944	1.718
Ecat	178.625	16.193	.472	11.031	.000	146.829	210.42	.896	3.187
NDs	22.828	6.733	.122	3.39	.001	9.607	36.049	.722	3.512
Tribe	362.167	15.978	1.097	22.666	.000	330.793	393.54	.902	2.518
Religion	152.75	8.104	.253	18.85	.000	136.839	168.662	.833	3.261
HCD	473.019	33.179	.611	14.257	.000	407.871	538.166	.734	3.341

Notes: Dependent variable = PA; VIF = variance inflation factor. Predictors in bold make a negative effect on PA at 1% level of significance.