Narcolepsy, cataplexy, hypocretin and co-existing other health complaints: A review

Figures & data

Table 1. Sleep and neurological disorders—association with hypocretin, pain and migraines

	Hypocretin level	Experience cataplexy	Experience pain	Experience migraines/headaches	Reference
Sleep disorders
Narcolepsy with cataplexy	Low hypocretin levels and loss of cells	Yes	Yes	Yes	Castillo et al. (2004), Dauvilliers et al. (2007, 2011), Mignot et al. (2002)
Narcolepsy without cataplexy	Loss of hypocretin cells	No	Further research is required	Further research is required	Weder-Cisneros et al. (2004)
Idiopathic hypersomnia	Normal hypocretin levels and cell status unknown	No	Further research is required	Further research is required	Mignot et al. (2002)
Kleine Levin syndrome	Low hypocretin levels during an episode	No	No	Further research is required	Li et al. (2013); Dahmen et al. (2003)
Neurodegenerative diseases
Alzheimer’s disease	Low hypocretin levels and cell loss	No	No	Yes	Ebrahim et al. (2003), Thannickal et al. (2009)
Dementia	Reduced neocortical hypocretin-immunoreactivity	No	Yes	Further research is required	Donnelly and Leschziner (2016), Taiwo et al. (2007)
Parkinson’s disease	Low hypocretin levels and cell loss	Yes	Yes	No evidence	Fronczek et al. (2008), Ylikoski, Martikainen, Sarkanen, and Partinen (2015)
Huntington’s disease	Loss of hypocretin cells	No	No	No evidence	Wolfe, Ross, Anderson, Russell, and Hebert (1995)
Motor neurone disease	No research available	No	Yes	No evidence	McDermott and Shaw (2008)
Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system
Guillain-Barre syndrome	Low hypocretin level	No	Yes	No evidence	Fronczek et al. (2008)
Multiple sclerosis	HLA DR15 positive	Yes	Yes	No evidence	Binder et al. (2016), Sandyk (1995)
Peripheral neuropathies	No evidence	No	Yes	No evidence	Schestatsky (2007)
Autoimmune diseases
Inflammatory bowel disease	HLA DR2 positive	No	Yes	Yes	Orrell (2010), Peterson, Frank, Pace, and Gordon (2008), Rejdak et al. (2009)
Rheumatoid arthritis	HLA DR2 positive	No	Yes	Yes	Farmakidis, Inan, Milstein, and Herskovitz (2015), Nishino (2003), Syvertsen et al. (2007)
Hashimoto disease	Low hypocretin level	No	Yes	No evidence	Farmakidis et al. (2015), Rainero et al. (2011)
Miscellaneous neurological conditions
Acoustic schwannoma	Low hypocretin level	No	No	Yes	Ehde, Osborne, Hanley, and Kraft (2006), Schmidt, Williamson, and Ashley-Koch (2007)
Fibromyalgia	Normal	No	Yes	Yes	Myung and Jin-Sang (2004), Nampiaparampil (2008)
Epilepsy	Low hypocretin level	No	No evidence	Yes	Baumann et al. (2007), Mainieri et al. (2015)
Migraines	Genetic association with HCRTR1 gene	No	No evidence	Yes	Theeler and Erickson (2009)
Head trauma	Loss of hypocretin neurons	Yes	Yes	Yes	Bruck and Broughton (2004), Choy (2012), Dimitrova et al. (2011), Strohmaier, Mueller-Eckhardt, and Meier-Ewert (1988)
Encephalitis	Low hypocretin levels	Yes	No	Yes	Overeem, Reijntjes, Huyser, Jan Lammers, and Gert van Dijk (2004), Silva (2013)
Drop attacks	Status unknown	Yes	No	No	Egel, Lee, Bump, and Javois (2012)

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