Psychological complications associated with HIV/AIDS infection among children in South-South Nigeria, sub-Saharan Africa

Figures & data

Table 1. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the children and adolescents

Variables	Children with HIV	Children without HIV	χ^2	df	p-value
		N (%)	N (%)
Age (years)
Mean	10.63 ± 2.38	10.91 ± 2.48
Gender
Male	31 (41.3%)	31 (41.3%)	0.00	1	1.00
Female	44 (58.7%)	44 (58.7%)
Education
No educ	1 (1.3%)	0 (0%)	4.69	3	0.20
Primary	57 (76%)	48 (64%)
Secondary	15 (20%)	25 (33.3%)
Post sec	2 (2.7%)	2 (2.7%)
Academic performance
Repeated class	13 (17.3%)	5 (6.7%)	5.69	2	0.06
Never repeat	61 (81.3%)	70 (93.3%)
Family structure at home
Parents	50 (66.7%)	64 (85.3%)	17.23	2	0.02
Grandparents	7 (9.3%)	3 (4%)
Relatives	18 (24%)	8 (10.7)
Orphan status
2 parents alive	34 (45.3%)	65 (86.7%)	30.66	2	<0.01
2 parents dead	17 (22.7%)	3 (4%)
1 parent dead	24 (32%)	7 (9.3%)
HIV clinical stage
1		9 (12%)
2		18 (24%)
3		40 (53.3%)
4		8 (10.7%)
Current CD4 Count (cells/mm^3)
Mean		679.87 ± 472.32
<350		28 (37.3%)
≥350		47 (62.7%)
HAART
Yes		67 (89.3%)
No		8(10.7%)

Table 2. Depression diagnosis in the study and control groups

Assessment (MINI Kids)	Study group	Control group	Total	χ^2	p-value
Depressed	15 (20%)	5 (6.7%)	150	6.00	0.01
Not depressed	60 (80%)	70 (93.3%)

Table 3. Characteristics of children and adolescents with HIV infection with or without depression

Characteristics	Not depressed	Depressed	χ^2	df	p-value
	N = 60	N = 15
Gender
Male	27 (87.1%)	4 (12.9%)	1.73	1	0.19
Female	33 (75.0%)	11 (25.0%)
Age groups (years)
8–10	42 (95.5%)	2 (4.5%)	31 .40	2	<0 .01
11–13	16 (84.2%)	3 (15.8%)
14–16	2 (16.7%)	10 (83.3%)
Academic failure
Yes	4 (30.8%)	9 (69.2%)	19 .79	2	<0.01
No	55 (90.2%)	6 (9.8%)
Family structure
Parent	47 (94.0%)	3 (6.0%)	19.26	2	<0.01
Grandparent	5 (71.4%)	2 (28.6%)
Relatives	8 (44.4%)	10 (55.5%)
Orphan
Both alive	32 (94.1%)	2 (5.9%)	14.71	2	<0.01
Both dead	8 (47.1%)	9 (52.9%)
One parent	20 (83.3%)	4 (16.7%)
Clinical stage
1	6 (66.7%)	3 (33.3%)	2.98	3	0.40
2	15 (83.3%)	3 (16.7%)
3	34 (85.0%)	6 (15.0%)
4	5 (62.5%)	3 (37.5%)
Mean CD4 count	654.00 ± 462.47	783.33 ± 513.30	t = 0.94	73	0.35
HAART
Yes	54 (80.6%)	13 (19.4%)	0.13	1	1.00
No	6 (75.0%)	2 (25.0%)
Hospitalizations
0	46 (88.5%)	6 (11.5%)	7.48	2	0.02
1	11 (64.7%)	6 (35.3%)
>1	3 (50.0%)	3 (50.0%)

Table 4. Suicidal behaviour in the study and control groups

Variables	Study group	Control group	Total	χ^2	df	p-value
Suicidal ideation	12 (16.0%)	5 (6.7%)	150	3.34	1	0.07
Suicidal attempts	1 (1.3%)	0 (0.0%)	150	1.39	1	0.24

Table

In the past two weeks:
A1	Have you felt sad or depressed? Felt down or empty? Felt grouchy or annoyed?
	IF YES TO ANY, CONTINUE. IF NO TO ALL CODE NO.
	Have you felt this way, most of the day, nearly every day ?	NO	YES
A2	Have you been bored a lot or much less interested in things (Like playing your favorite games)?
	Have you felt that you couldn’t enjoy things?
	IF YES TO ANY CONTINUE. IF NO TO ALL CODE NO.
	Have you felt this way, most of the day, nearly every day ?	NO	YES
	is A1 or A2 coded yes?	NO	YES
A3	In the past two weeks, when you felt depressed/grouchy/uninterested:
	a. Were you less hungry or more hungry most days? Did you lose or gain weight without trying? [i.e. by ±5% of body weight or ±8 lbs in the past month]?	NO	YES
	IF YES TO EITHER, CODE YES
	b. Did you have trouble sleeping almost every night (“trouble sleeping” means trouble falling asleep, waking up in the middle of the night, waking up too early or sleeping too much)?	NO	YES
	c. Did you talk or move slower than usual? Were you fidgety, restless or couldn’t sit still?	NO	YES
	IF YES TO EITHER, CODE YES
	d. Did you feel tired most of the time? Did you feel bad about yourself most of the time? Did you feel guilty most of the time?	NO	YES
	IF YES TO EITHER, CODE YES
	e. Did you have trouble paying attention? Did you have trouble making up your mind? IF YES TO EITHER, CODE YES	NO	YES
	f. Did you feel so bad that you wished that you were dead? Did you think about hurting yourself? Did you have thoughts of death? Did you think about killing yourself?	NO	YES
	IF YES TO ANY, CODE YES
	ARE 5 OR MORE ANSWERS (A1, A2 AND A3a-g) CODED YES?	NO	YES
		MAJOR DEPRESSIVE EPISODE CURRENT
IF PATIENT HAS CURRENT MAJOR DEPRESSIVE EPISODE CONTINUE TO A4, OTHERWISE MOVE TO MODULE B:
A4	a. Did you ever have other times of two weeks or more when you felt depressed or not interested in most things, and had most of the problems we just talked about?	NO	YES
	b. In between your times of depression, were you completely free of depression for of at least 2 months?	NO	YES
		MAJOR DEPRESSIVE EPISODE, RECURRENT

Table

B1	a. Have you ever felt so bad that you wished you were dead?			NO	YES
	b. Have you ever tried to hurt or to injure yourself?			NO	YES
	c. Have you ever tried to kill yourself?			NO	YES
	IF YES TO ANY, CODE YES			NO	YES
				SUICIDE RISK
In the past month did you:
B2	Have any accident?			NO	YES
	IF NO TO B2, SKIP TO B3: IF YES, ASK B2a,:
B2a	Plan or intend to hurt yourself in that accident?			NO	YES
	INCLUDE PASSIVE OR ACTIVE INTENT IN YOUR RATING
	IF NO TO B2a, SKIP TO B3: IF YES, ASK B2b:
B2b	Did you intend to die as a result of this accident?			NO	YES
B3	Think you would be better off dead or wish you were dead?			NO	YES
B4	Want to hurt yourself?			NO	YES
B5	Think about killing yourself?			NO	YES
	IF YES, ASK ABOUT THE INTENSITY AND FREQUENCY OF THE SUICIDAL IDEATION:
	Frequency		Intensity
	Occasionally	Mild	Can you control these impulses
	Often	Moderate	and state that you will not act
	Very often	Severe	on them while in this program?
B6	Have a plan to kill yourself?			NO	YES
B7	Take active steps to prepare for injuring yourself or to prepare for killing yourself and expect to die as a result?			NO	YES
B8	Try to deliberately injure yourself without intending to kill yourself?			NO	YES
B9	Try to kill yourself			NO	YES
	Hoped to be rescued/survive  
	Expected/intended to die   
	is at least 1 of the above (EXCEPT b2) coded yes?
	If yes, add the total nUmber of points for the answers (B1–B9)			NO	YES
	checked “yes” and specify the level of suicide risk as indicated in the diagnostic box:			SUICIDE RISK CURRENT
	MAKE ANY ADDITIONAL COMMENTS ABOUT YOUR ASSESSMENT OF THIS PATIENT’S CURRENT AND NEAR FUTURE SUICIDE RISK IN THE SPACE BELOW:			1–8 points	Low	
				9–16 points	Moderate	