Barriers to eye care among participants of a mobile eye clinic

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic breakdown of participants who have and have not had an eye exam prior to the screening

	All (N = 1699)	History of Eye Exam (N = 1344)	No History of Eye Exam (N = 261)	p	Age-adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) ^†
Demographics	N (%)	n (%)	n (%)		Estimate (95% CI)	p**
Gender				0.73		0.68
F	955 (56.3)	771 (84.0)	147 (16.0)		1 (ref)
M	740 (43.7)	570 (83.3)	114 (16.7)		0.94 (0.72, 1.24)	0.68
Unknown/Unreported*	4 (n/a)	3 (n/a)	0 (n/a)
Race/Ethnicity				<.0001		<.0001
Caucasian	556 (34.1)	505 (96.4)	19 (3.6)		1 (ref)
Hispanic	559 (34.3)	349 (65.1)	187 (34.6)		0.08 (0.05, 0.14)	<.0001
AI/AN	239 (14.7)	231 (98.3)	4 (1.7)		2.14 (0.72, 6.39)	0.17
Black	53 (3.3)	39 (86.7)	6 (13.3)		0.27 (0.10, 0.71)	0.0085
Asian	91 (5.6)	70 (86.4)	11 (13.6)		0.19 (0.09, 0.43)	<.0001
Multiethnic/Other	131 (8.0)	97 (77.0)	29 (23.0)		0.14 (0.07, 0.26)	<.0001
Unknown/Unreported*	70 (n/a)	53 (n/a)	5 (n/a)
Health Insurance				<.0001		<.0001
None	639 (45.2)	434 (71.4)	174 (28.6)		1 (ref)
Public	678 (48.0)	593 (94.1)	37 (5.9)		5.14 (3.50, 7.53)	<.0001
Private	96 (6.8)	88 (91.7)	8 (8.3)		4.12 (1.94, 8.75)	0.0002
Unknown/Unreported*	286 (n/a)	229 (n/a)	42 (n/a)
Location				0.0024		0.090
Rural	632 (38.9)	543 (87.4)	78 (12.6)		1 (ref)
Urban	994 (61.1)	747 (81.6)	168 18.4)		0.77 (0.57, 1.04)	0.090
Unreported*	73 (n/a)	54 (n/a)	15 (n/a)
Age (y)				<.0001		<.0001
18–39	405 (23.9)	298 (78.2)	83 (21.8)		1 (ref)
40–54	611 (36.1)	441 (76.6)	135 (23.4)		0.91 (0.67, 1.24)	0.55
55–64	390 (23.0)	339 (91.4)	32 (8.6)		2.95 (1.91, 4.57)	<.0001
65+	288 (17.0)	263 (96.0)	11 (4.0)		6.66 (3.48, 12.76)	<.0001
Unknown/Unreported*	5 (n/a)	3 (n/a)	0 (n/a)
History of Diabetes (y)				0.0007		0.026
None	1197 (70.5)	981 (82.0)	216 (18.1)		1 (ref)
Yes [1–5]	168 (9.9)	143 (85.0)	25 (14.9)		1.17 (0.74, 1.86)	0.50
Yes 5+	235 (13.8)	216 (91.9)	19 (8.1)		1.99 (1.20, 3.31)	0.0075
Unreported/Unknown *	5 (0.3)	4 (n/a)	1 (n/a)

*Unknown, unreported, or missing values have not been considered in calculations; ^†OR for age is unadjusted.

Table 2. Demographic breakdown of participants with previous history of eye exam based on TLEE

	Years since Last Eye Exam						Ln(Years Since Last Eye Exam)
Demographics	(0-<1] n %	(1-<2] n %	(2-<3] n %	(3-<4] n %	(4-<10] n %	10+ n %	Mean ± Std Dev	P Value (Age adjusted)^†
Gender								0.20
F	231	172	102	61	153	52	0.85 ± 1.13
	30.0	22.3	13.2	7.9	19.8	6.7
M	177	100	62	39	132	52	0.93 ± 1.24
	31.1	17.5	10.9	6.8	23.2	6.7
Unknown/Unreported*							n/a
Race/Ethnicity								<0.0001
Caucasian	99	100	60	43	135	68	1.21 ± 1.09	Ref
	19.6	19.8	11.9	8.5	26.7	13.5
Hispanic	98	73	61	28	69	20	0.87 ± 1.09	<.0001
	28.1	20.9	17.5	8.0	19.8	5.7
AI/AN	104	52	24	13	29	9	0.45 ± 1.16	<.0001
	45.0	22.5	10.4	5.6	12.6	3.9
Black	19	7	3	2	5	3	0.57 ± 1.21	0.0056
	48.7	18.0	7.7	5.1	12.8	7.7
Asian	32	12	5	5	15	1	0.43 ± 1.29	<.0001
	45.7	17.1	7.1	7.1	21.4	1.4
Multiethnic/Other	42	17	10	6	13	9	0.65 ± 1.36	<.0001
	43.3	17.5	10.3	6.2	13.4	9.3
Unknown/Unreported*							n/a
Health Insurance								0.042
None	115	88	67	41	95	28	0.95 ± 1.06	Ref
	26.5	20.3	15.4	9.5	21.9	6.5
Public	190	117	61	37	128	60	0.89 ± 1.23	0.97
	32.0	19.7	10.3	6.2	21.6	10.1
Private	32	24	12	7	10	3	0.61 ± 0.97	0.037
	36.4	27.3	13.6	8.0	11.4	3.4
Unknown/Unreported*							n/a
Location								0.16
Rural	164	116	70	27	110	56	0.92 ± 1.17
	30.20	21.36	12.89	4.97	20.26	10.31
Urban	224	148	86	73	164	52	0.87 ± 1.19
	30.0	19.8	11.5	9.8	22.0	7.0
Unreported*							n/a
Age (y)								0.0026
18–39	78	65	35	27	72	21	0.93 ± 1.08	Ref
	26.2	21.8	11.7	9.	24.2	7.1
40–54	119	93	60	37	85	47	0.98 ± 1.21	0.95
	27.0	21.1	13.6	8.4	19.3	10.7
55–64	104	63	48	28	67	29	0.90 ± 1.15	0.98
	30.7	18.6	14.2	8.3	19.8	8.6
65+	107	51	21	9	60	15	0.64 ± 1.27	0.02
	40.7	19.4	8.0	3.4	22.8	5.7
Unknown/Unreported*							n/a
History of Diabetes (y)								<.0001
None	245	200	122	76	241	97	1.01 ± 1.18	Ref
	25.0	20.4	12.4	7.8	24.6	9.9
Yes [1–5]	67	28	12	9	20	7	0.63 ± 0.99	0.0005
	46.9	19.6	8.4	6.3	14.0	4.9
Yes 5+	94	45	29	16	24	8	0.47 ± 1.18	<.0001
	43.5	20.8	13.4	7.4	11.1	3.7
Unreported/Unknown*							n/a

*Unknown, unreported, or missing values have not been considered in calculations; ^†P-value for age is unadjusted; P values were calculated using the Wald test in unadjusted logistic regression models. For predictor variables with ≥3 levels that were statistically significant, all pairwise comparisons were further performed with Turkey adjustment. Only the P values from the tests that compare with reference level are shown here.

Table 3. Visual acuity (VA) breakdown of participants with previous history of eye exam based on TLEE

			Years since Last Eye Exam						Ln(Years Since Last Eye Exam)
Visual acuity	Total Participants	Participants with a history of eye exams (N = 1344) n (%)	(<1] n %	(1-<2] n %	(2-<3] n %	(3-<4] n %	(4-<10] n %	10+ n %	Mean ± Std Dev	P Value (Age adjusted)
Distance VA
Difficulty (subjective)**										0.53
none/little	403	312 (77.4)	96	59	40	24	67	26	0.91 ± 1.17
			30.8	18.9	12.8	7.7	21.5	8.3
moderate	566	495 (87.5)	140	92	61	40	110	52	0.96 ± 1.20
			28.3	18.6	12.3	8.1	22.2	10.5
extreme	72	62 (86.1)	13	25	10	2	8	4	0.79 ± 1.00
			21.0	40.3	16.1	3.2	12.9	6.5
unreported*	564	475 (n/a)							n/a
Objective—Better Eye										0.69
[20/10–20/20]	597	466 (78.1)	136	99	67	39	92	33	0.90 ± 1.07
			29.18	21.24	14.38	8.37	19.74	7.08
[20/30–20/70]	883	764 (86.5)	232	148	87	56	171	70	0.89 ± 1.26
			30.37	19.37	11.39	7.33	22.38	9.16
[20/80–20/200]	100	93 (93.0)	33	23	10	5	14	8	0.74 ± 1.11
			35.5	24.7	10.8	5.4	15.1	8.6
(20/200 -)	18	15 (83.3)	6	2	0	1	5	1	0.91 ± 0.90
			40.0	13.3	0.0	6.7	33.3	6.7
Unknown*	7	6 (n/a)							n/a
Objective- Worse Eye										0.43
[20/10–20/20]	295	217 (73.6)	66	39	29	22	47	14	0.91 ± 1.05
			30.41	17.97	13.36	10.14	21.66	6.45
[20/30–20/70]	1010	859 (85.1)	257	174	110	62	180	76	0.91 ± 1.19
			29.92	20.26	12.81	7.22	20.95	8.85
[20/80–20/200]	212	192 (90.6)	56	43	23	11	42	17	0.82 ± 1.30
			29.2	22.4	12.0	5.7	21.9	8.9
(20/200 -)	81	70 (86.4)	28	16	2	6	13	5	0.65 ± 1.20
			40.0	22.9	2.9	8.6	18.6	7.1
Unknown*	7	6 (n/a)	323	213	139	84	227	90	n/a
			30.0	19.8	12.9	7.8	21.1	8.4
Near VA
Difficulty (subjective)**										0.0023
none/little	374	290 (77.5)	106	56	37	16	57	18	0.71 ± 1.20	Ref
			36.5	19.3	12.8	5.5	19.7	6.2
moderate	619	515 (83.2)	143	96	70	42	114	50	0.99 ± 1.16	0.002
			27.8	18.6	13.6	8.2	22.5	9.7
extreme	123	103 (83.7)	25	26	13	6	20	13	1.01 ± 1.18	0.056
			24.3	25.2	12.6	5.8	19.4	12.6
unreported*	489	436 (n/a)							n/a
Objective—Both eyes										0.40
[20/10–20/20]	345	285 (82.6)	80	56	34	26	62	27	0.96 ± 1.09
			28.07	19.65	11.93	9.12	21.75	9.47
[20/30–20/70]	752	626 (83.2)	190	133	80	38	136	49	0.87 ± 1.18
			30.35	21.25	12.78	6.07	21.73	7.83
[20/80–20/200]	129	115 (89.2)	39	20	14	9	23	10	0.83 ± 1.25
			33.9	17.4	12.2	7.8	20.0	8.7
(20/200 -)	38	34 (89.5)	16	6	5	1	5	1	0.49 ± 0.98
			47.1	17.7	14.7	2.9	14.7	2.9
Unknown*	341	284 (n/a)							n/a

*Unknown, unreported, or missing values have not been considered in calculations.

**Difficulty (subjective) = Participants self-reported difficulty w/street signs for Distance VA or reading the newspaper for Near VA