Determination of apomixis by flow cytometry in two species of Lachemilla (Rosaceae) in Ecuador

Figures & data

Table 1. Count of seeds in Lachemilla hirta and Lachemilla hispidula obtained in the mesh bag treatment and control treatment during wet and dry season.

Lachemilla hirta						Lachemilla hispidula
Wet season			Dry season			Wet season
Flowers analyzed	Number of seeds	Total seeds	Flowers analyzed	Number of seeds	Total seeds	Flowers analyzed	Number of seeds	Total seeds
Mesh bag treatment
130	0	0	54	0	0	61	1	61
119	1	119	44	1	44	114	2	228
59	2	118	25	2	50	37	3	111
7	3	21	5	3	15	1	4	4
Total seeds obtained		258	Total seeds obtained		109	Total seeds obtained		404
Control treatment
151	0	0	62	0	0	29	1	29
110	1	110	47	1	47	98	2	196
43	2	86	13	2	26	80	3	240
10	3	30	6	3	18	6	4	24
Total seeds obtained		226	Total seeds obtained		91	Total seeds obtained		489

Table 2. Average fruit formation and comparison of fruit formation between treatments.

	Lachemilla hirta				Lachemilla hispidula
Season	Wet season		Dry season		Wet season
Treatment	Mesh bag	Control	Mesh bag	Control	Mesh bag	Control
Average formation of fruits	0,82	0,72	0,85	0,71	1,90	2,30
P value	p > 0,05		p > 0,05		p < 0,01

Table 3. List of the total of arthropods collected in L. hirta and L. hispidula.

Lachemilla hirta					Lachemilla hispidula
Collection	Order	Family	Subfamily	Individuals	Collection	Order	Family	Subfamily	Individuals
1	Acari^a			5	1	Acari^a			3
	Collembola^a	Hypogastruridae		1		Coleoptera^a	Lycidae		1
	Diptera^F	Fanniidae		1		Diptera^F	Fanniidae		3
		Sciaridae		2			Mycetophilidae		1
	Hemiptera^a	Cicadellidae		1			Sciaridae		3
2	Acari^a			23	2	Acari^a			3
	Araneae^a			4		Araneae^a			4
	Blattodea^a			1		Collembola^a	Isotomidae		43
	Diptera^F	Sciaridae		1		Diplopoda^a			1
		Sp.		1		Diptera^F	Megaspilidae		2
	Hemiptera (larvae)^a			1			Empididae		1
	Hymenoptera^F	Ichneumonidae	Brachycyrtinae	1			Phoridae		1
		Mymaridae		1			Scatophagidae		1
	Isopoda^a			2		Hymenoptera^F	Ceraphronidae		5
	Orthoptera^a			1	3	Acari^a			9
	Thysanoptera^a			1		Araneae^a			1
	Trichoptera^a			1		Coleoptera (larvae)^F			2
3	Acari^a			4		Collembola^a	Isotomidae		31
	Diptera^F	Scatopsidae		17		Diptera^F	Sciaridae		3
4	Acari^a			2		Hemiptera^a	Cicadellidae		1
	Diptera^F	Cecidomyiidae		5			Sp.		1
		Scatopsidae		29		Orthoptera^a			1
		Sciaridae		7
	Hymenoptera^F	Braconidae		1	4	Diptera^F	Tipulidae		1
		Ceraphronidae		1			Chironomidae		2
		Diapriidae	Belytinae	1			Scatopsidae		66
		Platygastridae		1	5	Diptera^F	Fanniidae		1
	Lepidoptera^F			1			Scatophagidae		1
5	Diptera^F	Mycetophilidae		3			Sciaridae		4
		Sciaridae		3		Hymenoptera^F	Figitidae	Eucoilinae	2
6	Diptera^F	Mycetophilidae		2			Ichneumonidae	Tryphoninae	1
		Phoridae		1			Mymaridae		1
		Sarcophagidae		1	6	Diptera^F	Scatopsidae		24
		Sciaridae		11	7	Diptera^F	Chironomidae		1
		Ulididae		1			Scatopsidae		56
	Lepidoptera^F			1			Sciaridae		6
7	Diptera^F	Drosophilidae		1		Lepidoptera^F			1
		Fanniidae		3	8	Diptera^F	Scatopsidae		27
		Mycetophilidae		1			Sciaridae		2
8	Acari^a			3	9	Diptera^F			5
	Diptera^F	Dolichopodidae		1
		Fanniidae		20
		Mycetophilidae		5
		Phoridae		4
		Sciaridae		9
	Hymenoptera^F	Braconidae		2
		Ceraphronidae		1
		Diapriidae	Belytinae	4
		Eulophidae		5
		Figitidae	Eucoilinae	4
		Megaspilidae		1
	Lepidoptera^F			1
9	Diptera^F	Phoridae		1
		Sciaridae		5
	Hymenoptera^F	Mymaridae		1
		Platygastridae		1
		Sp.		1
	Neuroptera^F			1
10	Diptera^F	Mycetophilidae		1
	Hymenoptera^F	Diapriidae	Belytinae	1
		Figitidae	Eucoilinae	2
11	Diptera^F	Scatopsidae		12
	Hymenoptera^F	Megaspilidae		1
12	Araneae^a			1
	Diptera^F	Scatopsidae		46
		Sciaridae		4
	Hymenoptera^F	Braconidae	Microgastrinae	1
		Diapriidae	Belytinae	1
		Formicidae		1
		Megaspilidae		1
		Mymaridae		1
		Pteromalidae		1
	Lepidoptera^F			2
Total insects collected				291	Total insects collected				322

^aarthropods collected anywhere in the plant, except the flowers, ^Finsects collected in the flowers

Table 4. List of visitors with its possible parasitoids and hyperparasitoids found in Lachemilla hirta and L. hispidula.

Lachemilla hirta			Lachemilla hispidula
Visitors	Parasitoids *	Hyperparasitoids *	Visitors	Parasitoids *	Hyperparasitoids *
Acari			Acari
Araneae	Eulophidae		Araneae
	Pteromalidae		Diplopoda
Isopoda			Collembola
Collembola			Isotomidae
Hypogastruridae			Orthoptera	Mymaridae
Orthoptera	Eulophidae		Hemiptera
	Mymaridae		Cicadellidae	Mymaridae
Blattodea	Eulophidae		Coleoptera	Megaspilidae
Hemiptera	Eulophidae		Coleoptera (larva)	Mymaridae
Cicadellidae	Ceraphronidae		Lycidae	Mymaridae
	Mymaridae		Lepidoptera	Tryphoninae^e
Larva	Ceraphronidae		Diptera
Thysanoptera	Ceraphronidae		Chironomidae
	Eulophidae		Empididae
Coleoptera	Ceraphronidae		Fanniidae
	Eulophidae		Mycetophilidae
	Mymaridae		Phoridae	Eucoilinae	Megaspilidae
	Pteromalidae		Scatophagidae
Neuroptera (larva)	Ceraphronidae		Scatopsidae
	Eulophidae		Sciaridae	Ceraphronidae
	Brachycyrtinae^a	Ceraphronidae	Tipulidae
	Pteromalidae
Trichoptera	Ceraphronidae
Lepidoptera	Microgastrinae^b	Ceraphronidae
		Megaspilidae
	Eulophidae
	Pteromalidae
Diptera
Cecidomyiidae	Braconidae	Ceraphronidae
		Megaspilidae
	Ceraphronidae
	Eulophidae
	Platygastridae
	Pteromalidae
Dolichopodidae
Drosophilidae	Ceraphronidae
	Eucoilinae^c	Megaspilidae
Fanniidae
Mycetophilidae	Belytinae^d
Phoridae	Braconidae	Ceraphronidae
		Megaspilidae
	Ceraphronidae
	Eucoilinae	Megaspilidae
Scatopsidae
Sarcophagidae	Braconidae	Ceraphronidae
		Megaspilidae
	Eucoilinae	Megaspilidae
Sciaridae	Ceraphronidae
	Belytinae
Ulididae

*All parasitoids and hyperparasitoids correspond to Hymenoptera. Families: ^aIchneumonidae, ^bBraconidae, ^cFigitidae, ^dDiapriidae and ^eFigitidae

Figure 1. Scatopsidae in Lachemilla hirta flowers (above) and in L. hispidula (below).

Table 5. Flow cytometric seed screen of the achenes of the investigated Lachemilla species.

Species	Lachemilla hirta	Lachemilla hispidula
N of analyzed individuals^a	28/26	42/15
Diploid embryos^b	28/0.23 ± 0.021	39/0.17 ± 0.005
Triploid embryos^b	-	3/0.25 ± 0.002
Autonomous apomixis^c	23/1.98 ± 0.08	15/2.03 ± 0.11
Pseudogamy^c	3/2.91 ± 0.08	-

^aN of samples in which only embryo/both embryo and endosperm were detected

^bN of individuals/mean value ± SD of the embryo: Pisum ratio

^cN of individuals/mean value ± SD of the endosperm: embryo ratio

Figure 2. (a) Histogram of autonomous apomixis in Lachemilla hirta. The first peak corresponds to the embryo 2x while the second peak corresponds to the endosperm 4x. The third peak corresponds to the standard sample (Pisum sativum). (b) Histogram of pseudogamous apomixis in L. hirta. The first peak corresponds to the embryo 2x while the second peak corresponds to the endosperm 6x. The third peak corresponds to the standard sample (Pisum sativum).

Figure 3. (a) Histogram of autonomous apomixis in Lachemilla hispidula. The first peak corresponds to the embryo 2x while the second peak corresponds to the endosperm 4x. The third peak corresponds to the standard sample (Pisum sativum). (b) Histogram of triploid embryos in L. hispidula. The first peak corresponds to the embryo 3x while the second peak corresponds to the standard sample (Pisum sativum).