Seasonal turnover of avian community assembly in a highly fragmented Tumbesian dry forest of southwestern Ecuador

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study area: Bosque Protector Puyango (turquoise), located in southwestern Ecuador, bisected by the Puyango river and overlapping with Bosque Petrificado de Puyango (gray shaded area). Points indicate the sampling location, color-coded by method as follows, purple: song recording stations, blue: count points, green: mist-netting stations, and yellow: transect starting points.

Figure 2. An illustration of the environmental differences by seasonality at BP puyango. the picture shows a perched Vermilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubinus) during the dry (left) and rainy (right) season. photos were taken by Alejandro Montalvo.

Table 1. List of species at BP Puyango. (^e) Endemic, (*) Present only in one season. Abundances reported by Platt in 1991 are shown in italics and abundances reported from bibliographic sources are shown in bolded italics

Family	Scientific name	Common English name	Dry season frequency	Rainy season frequency
Tinamidae	Crypturellus transfasciatus^e	Pale-browed Tinamou	Rare	Rare
Cracidae	Ortalis erythroptera^e	Rufous-headed Chachalaca	*Rare	-
Columbidae	Leptotila verreauxi	White-tipped Dove	Abundant	Rare
	Leptotila pallida	Pallid Dove	Rare	*Rare
	Zenaida auriculata	Eared Dove	Rare
	Columbina buckleyi^e	Ecuadorian Ground Dove	Rare	Very Common
	Columbina cruziana	Croaking Ground Dove	Rare
	Claravis pretiosa	Blue Ground-Dove	Rare	Rare
Cuculidae	Crotophaga sulcirostris	Groove-billed Ani	Very Common	Rare
	Tapera naevia	Striped Cuckoo	Rare
	Coccycua minuta	Little Cuckoo	Rare	Rare
	Piaya cayana	Squirrel Cuckoo	*Rare	-
	Coccyzus erythropthalmus	Black-billed Cuckoo	Uncommon
	Coccyzus lansbergi	Gray-capped Cuckoo	Uncommon
Caprimulgidae	Nyctidromus albicollis	Common Pauraque	Rare
Apodidae	Streptoprocne zonaris	White-collared Swift	Rare
	Panyptila cayennensis	Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift	Rare
Trochilidae	Threnetes ruckeri	Band-tailed Barbthroat	*Rare	-
	Phaethornis longirostris^e	Ecuadorian Hermit	*Rare	-
	Aglaiocercus coelestis	Violet-tailed Sylph	*Rare	-
	Heliomaster longirostris	Long-billed starthroat	*Rare	-
	Chaetocercus bombus^e	Little Woodstar	Uncommon
	Myrmia micura^e	Short-tailed Woodstar	Uncommon
	Leucippus baeri	Tumbes Hummingbird	-	*Rare
	Amazilia amazilia	Amazilia Hummingbird	Common	Rare
Scolopacidae	Actitis macularius	Spotted Sandpiper	Rare	Rare
Phalacrocoracidae	Phalacrocorax brasilianus	Neotropic Cormorant	*Rare	-
	Phalacrocorax bougainvilli	Guanay Shag	Occasional
Ardeidae	Nycticorax nycticorax	Black-crowned Night-Heron	Rare	Rare
	Butorides striata	Striated heron	*Uncommon	-
	Ardea herodias	Great Blue Heron	-
	Ardea cocoi	Cocoi Heron	*Rare	-
	Ardea alba	Great Egret	Rare	Rare
	Egretta thula	Snowy Egret	-	*Rare
Threskiornithidae	Plegadis falcinellus	Glossy Ibis	Rare	Rare
Cathartidae	Cathartes aura	Turkey Vulture	Common	Rare
	Coragyps atratus	Black Vulture	Rare	Rare
Accipitridae	Chondrohierax uncinatus	Hook-billed Kite	Uncommon
	Elanoides forficatus	Swallow-tailed kite	*Rare	-
	Rostrhamus sociabilis	Snail Kite	Rare
	Geranospiza caerulescens	Crane Hawk	-	*Rare
	Buteogallus meridionalis	Savanna Hawk	Common
	Buteogallus urubitinga	Great Black Hawk	*Rare	-
	Parabuteo unicinctus	Harris’s Hawk	Common
	Geranoaetus polyosoma	Variable hawk	-	*Rare
	Pseudastur occidentalis^e	Gray-backed hawk	Rare	Rare
	Buteo brachyurus	Short-tailed Hawk	*Rare	-
Tytonidae	Tyto alba	Barn Owl	Uncommon
Strigidae	Megascops roboratus^e	West-Peruvian Screech-Owl	Rare
	Lophostrix cristata	Crested Owl	Rare
	Pulsatrix perspicillata	Spectacled Owl	Rare	Rare
	Ciccaba virgata	Mottled owl	*Rare	-
	Glaucidium peruanum^e	Pacific Pygmy-Owl	Rare	Rare
Trogonidae	Trogon mesurus^e	Ecuadorian Trogon	Rare	Uncommon
	Trogon caligatus	Northern Violaceous Trogon	Rare
Momotidae	Momotus subrufescens	Whooping Motmot	Common	Abundant
Alcedinidae	Megaceryle torquata	Ringed Kingfisher	Common
	Chloroceryle americana	Green Kingfisher	Rare	Uncommon
Picidae	Picumnus sclateri^e	Ecuadorian piculet	*Rare	-
	Veniliornis callonotus^e	Scarlet-backed Woodpecker	Rare	Rare
	Dryocopus lineatus	Lineated Woodpecker	Rare
	Colaptes rubiginosus	Golden-olive Woodpecker	-	*Rare
Falconidae	Herpetores cachinnans	Laughing Falcon	Common
	Caracara cheriway	Crested Caracara	Rare
	Falco sparverius	American Kestrel	Uncommon
Psittacidae	Brotogeris pyrrhoptera^e	Gray-cheeked Parakeet	Rare	Abundant
	Pionus menstruus	Blue-headed Parrot	*Rare	-
	Pionus chalcopterus	Bronze-winged Parrot	Uncommon
	Forpus coelestis^e	Pacific Parrotlet	Rare	Rare
	Psittacara erythrogenys^e	Red-masked Parakeet	*Uncommon	-
Thamnophilidae	Taraba major	Great Antshrike	*Rare	-
	Thamnophilus bernardi^e	Collared Antshrike	Rare	Rare
	Cercomacra nigricans	Jet Antbird	*Rare	-
Melanopareiidae	Melanopareia elegans^e	Elegant Crescentchest	Rare
Grallariidae	Grallaria watkinsi	Watkin´s Antpitta	-	*Rare
Furnariidae	Sittasomus griseicapillus	Olivaceous Woodcreeper	Rare	Rare
	Dendrocincla fuliginosa	Plain-brown Woodcreeper	-	*Rare
	Glyphorynchus spirurus	Wedge-billed Woodcreeper	-	*Rare
	Lepidocolaptes souleyetii	Streak-headed Woodcreeper	*Rare	-
	Furnarius leucopus ^e	Pacific Hornero	Uncommon	Very Common
	Thripadectes ignobilis	Uniform Treehunter	-	*Rare
	Synallaxis stictothorax^e	Necklaced Spinetail	-	*Rare
	Synallaxis tithys^e	Blackish-headed Spinetail	Uncommon
Tyrannidae	Myiopagis subplacens^e	Pacific Elaenia	*Rare	-
	Myopagis viridicata	Greenish Elaenia	Rare
	Camptostoma obsoletum	Southern Beardless Tyrannulet	*Rare	-
	Mecocerculus poecilocercus	White-tailed Tyrannulet	*Rare	-
	Phaeomyias murina	Mouse-colored Tyrannulet	Rare
	Capsiempis flaveola	Yellow Tyrannulet	Rare	Rare
	Euscarthmus meloryphus	Tawny-crowned Pygmy-Tyrant	Rare	Rare
	Leptogon superciliaris	Slaty-capped Flycatcher	Uncommon
	Lophotriccus pileatus	Scale-crested Pygmy-Tyrant	*Rare	-
	Tolmomyias sulphurescens	Yellow-olive Flatbill	Rare	Rare
	Myiophobus fasciatus	Bran-colored Flycatcher	Uncommon
	Myiobius atricaudus	Black-tailed flycatcher	-	*Rare
	Onychorhynchus coronatus^e	Pacific Royal Flycatcher	Rare	Rare
	Lathrotriccus griseipectus	Gray-breasted Flycatcher	-	*Rare
	Contopus cinereus^e	Tropical Pewee	Rare	Rare
	Sayornis nigricans	Black Phoebe	Rare	Rare
	Pyrocephalus rubinus	Vermilion Flycatcher	Rare	Rare
	Muscigralla brevicauda	Short-tailed Field-Tyrant	-	*Rare
	Myiozetetes cayanensis	Rusty-margined Flycatcher	Rare	Rare
	Myiozetetes similis	Social Flycatcher	Fairly Common
	Myiodynastes bairdii^e	Baird’s Flycatcher	Rare	Rare
	Myiodynastes maculatus	Streaked Flycatcher	*Rare	-
	Megarynchus pitangua	Boat-billed Flycatcher	Rare	Rare
	Tyrannus niveigularis^e	Snowy-throated kingbird	*Rare	-
	Tyrannus melancholicus	Tropical Kingbird	Rare	Rare
	Myiarchus tuberculifer	Dusky-capped Flycatcher	Uncommon
	Attila torridus^e	Ochraceous Attila	Rare	Rare
Tityridae	Pachyramphus spodiurus^e	Slaty Becard	Fairly Common
	Pachyramphus albogriseus	Black and white Becard	Uncommon
	Pachyramphus homochrous	One colored Becard	Rare	Rare
Vireonidae	Cyclarhis gujanensis	Rufous-browed Peppershrike	*Rare	-
	Vireo olivaceus	Red-eyed Vireo	Rare	Rare
Corvidae	Cyanocorax mystacalis^e	White-tailed Jay	Rare
Hirundinidae	Pygochelidon cyanoleuca	Blue and white Swallow	Rare
	Steligolopteryx ruficollis	Southern rough-winged Swallow	Common	Rare
	Progne tapera	Brown-chested Martin	-	*Rare
	Progne chalybea	Gray-breasted Martin	Very Common
	Tachycineta stolzmanni^e	Tumbes Swallow	Rare	Abundant
	Petrochelidon rufocollaris^e	Chestnut-collared Swallow	Rare
Troglodytidae	Troglodytes aedon	House Wren	Uncommon
	Campylorhynchus fasciatus^e	Fasciated Wren	Very Common	Very Common
	Pheugopedius sclateri^e	Speckle-breasted Wren	Rare	Rare
Polioptilidae	Polioptila plumbea	Tropical Gnatcatcher	Rare	Rare
Turdidae	Turdus reevei^e	Plumbeous-backed Thrush	Rare	Rare
	Turdus maculirostris^e	Ecuadorian Thrush	Rare
Mimidae	Mimus longicaudatus	Long-tailed Mockingbird	Rare	Rare
Thraupidae	Sicalis flaveola	Saffron Finch	Very Common	Uncommon
	Phrygilus plebejus	Ash-breasted Sierra-Finch	Rare	Rare
	Volatinia jacarina	Blue-black Grassquit	-
	Conothraupis speculigera	Black and white Tanager	Uncommon
	Ramphocelus flammigerus^e	Flame-rumped Tanager	*Rare	-
	Rhodospingus cruentus^e	Crimson-breasted Finch	-
	Sporophila peruviana^e	Parrot-billed Seedeater	-
	Sporophila telasco	Chestnut-throated Seedeater	Uncommon
	Sporophila corvina	Variable Seedeater	*Rare	-
	Coereba flaveola	Bananaquit	Rare	Rare
	Thraupis episcopus	Blue-gray Tanager	Rare	Rare
Emberizidae	Rhynchospiza stolzmanni^e	Tumbes Sparrow	-	*Rare
	Arremon abeillei^e	Black-capped Sparrow	Rare	Rare
Cardinalidae	Piranga rubra	Summer Tanager	Rare
	Pheuctricus chrysogaster	Golden Grosbeak	Uncommon
Parulidae	Geothlypis aequinoctialis	Masked Yellowthroat	Rare
	Geothlypis philadelphia	Mourning Warbler	*Rare	-
	Setophaga pitiayumi	Tropical Parula	Rare	Rare
	Myiothlypis fulvicauda	Buff-rumped Warbler	Rare	Rare
	Myiothlypis fraseri^e	Gray and gold Warbler	Rare	Very Common
Icteridae	Cacicus cela	Yellow-rumped Cacique	Rare	Uncommon
	Icterus graceannae^e	White-edged Oriole	Common	Rare
	Icterus mesomelas	Yellow-tailed Oriole	Rare	Rare
	Dives warszewiczi	Scrub Blackbird	Uncommon	Uncommon
	Molothrus bonariensis	Shiny Cowbird	Very Common
	Sturnella bellicosa	Peruvian Meadowlark	Common
Fringillidae	Spinus magellanicus	Hooded Siskin	Occasional
	Spinus siemiradzkii^e	Saffron Siskin	Uncommon
	Spinus psaltria^e	Lesser Goldfinch	Rare	Rare
	Euphonia saturata	Orange-crowned Euphonia	Rare
	Euphonia laniirostris	Thick-billed Euphonia	-	*Rare
	Euphonia xanthogaster	Orange-bellied Euphonia	Rare	Rare

Figure 3. Boxplot of the avian community in BP puyango by family and seasonality. Dots represent the abundance of different species within a family.

Table 2. Results of rank-abundance dominance (RAD) models by seasonality. The best fit models display the lowest deviance, lowest AIC and lowest AICc (*)

RAD models	Statistic	Season
		Dry	Rainy
Null	Deviance	133.78	68.75
	AIC	421.51	292.15
	AICc	421.55	292.21
Niche preemption	Deviance	53.81	37.52
	AIC	343.54	262.92
	AICc	343.58	262.97
log-Normal	Deviance	*47.27	29.88
	AIC	*339	257.28
	AICc	*339.04	257.34
Zipf	Deviance	125.2	63.26
	AIC	416.93	290.66
	AICc	416.98	290.72
Zipf-Mandelbrot	Deviance	53.79	*5.6
	AIC	347.52	*235
	AICc	347.56	*235.06

Figure 4. Rank-Abundance dominance curves of the bird species from BP puyango by seasonality. best fit model of species dominance is log-Normal during the dry season (green line) and Zipf-Mandelbrot during the rainy season (Orange line). Blue dots represent different species.

Figure 5. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) for the abundance of bird species observed during the dry (yellow dots) and rainy (blue dots) season in BP puyango. Dots represent species’ abundances found within a sampling unit.

Figure 6. Species accumulation curve by number of transects sampled on each season. The expected curve under 100 permutations is shown in dark blue. Gray shade is showing the 0.95 confidence area. Boxplots show the averaged species richness weighted by sampling effort found from linear interpolation of single random permutations.