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Articles

Dividing “Above” and “Below”: Constructing Territory for Ecosystem Service Conservation in the Ecuadorian Highlands

Pages 1874-1890 | Received 21 Feb 2019, Accepted 25 Feb 2020, Published online: 27 Apr 2020
 

Abstract

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) arrangements aim to influence human activities in critical ecosystems that produce, among other services, water, biodiversity, and carbon sinks. In practice, PES arrangements ultimately seek to redefine and territorialize space for conservation. Establishing control over activities within a targeted area is challenging, however, particularly when these areas are carved from landscapes where people are living and working. Drawing on an empirical case study of a water fund PES from Ecuador called Fondo para la Proteccion del Agua (FONAG), this article employs data from participant observation, key informant interviews, and archival documents to examine labor of the páramo guards, the local residents directly paid as employees of FONAG for their work as intermediaries between the water fund and rural Andean communities. Their labor goes toward (1) patrolling the páramo ecosystem “above” in higher elevations and (2) recruiting the collective labor of their neighbors to do conservation work from “below” in lower elevations. The páramo guards’ labor directly contributes to enforcing FONAG’s territorial claim on the land, necessary to pursue the commodification of ecosystem services that are derived from it. In highlighting the tensions and contradictions that emerge from the guard position, this article demonstrates how territorial claiming through market-based environmental governance entails labor and multiple governmentalities to circulate value.

进行生态系统服务支付 (PES) 的目标, 是为了在生产水、生物多样性和碳汇等重要生态系统中影响人类的行为。在实际应用中, PES措施的最终目的是为了重新定义和划分保护空间。然而, 在目标地点中对活动进行控制的难度很大, 尤其是从人类正在生活和工作的地点中划分出来的保护空间更是如此。本文基于一份实证案例研究, 该研究来自厄瓜多尔一个名为Agua Fonda para Proteccion del (FONAG) 的水基金所进行的PES, 使用了来自参与者观察、关键知情人采访和档案文件的数据, 来对帕拉莫护卫队的工作情况进行考察。帕拉莫护卫队是由当地人组成的, 其由FONAG聘用并支付报酬, 这也是水基金与安第斯农村社区之间的中间环节。他们主要负责两项工作: (1) 在较高海拔的帕拉莫生态系统“上方”中巡逻, 以及 (2) 在较低海拔“下方”招募邻里人员, 通过集体劳动进行保护工作。帕拉莫护卫队的工作可直接帮助FONAG实施对这片土地的领土主张, 也使得这片土地所产生的生态系统服务实现商品化。本文重点讨论了护卫队这一角色所引发的紧张和矛盾, 显示出通过基于市场的环境治理进行领土主张, 如何帮助劳动群体和多重政府行为进行价值流通。

Los pagos por acuerdos de servicios ecosistémicos (PES) pretenden influir las actividades humanas en aquellos ecosistemas críticos que producen, entre otros servicios, agua, biodiversidad y sumideros de carbono. En la práctica, los acuerdos PES en últimas buscan redefinir y territorializar el espacio para la conservación. Sin embargo, establecer controles sobre las actividades dentro de un área enfocada como objetivo se convierte en todo un reto, particularmente cuando tales áreas son determinadas a expensas de paisajes donde ha habido gente viviendo y trabajando. Con base en un estudio de caso empírico del PES para un fondo del agua en Ecuador, denominado Fondo para la Protección del Agua (FONAG), este artículo emplea datos derivados de observación participativa, entrevistas con informantes claves y de documentos de archivo, para examinar el trabajo de los guardas del páramo, residentes locales pagados directamente como empleados del FONAG por su trabajo como intermediarios ente el fondo del agua y las comunidades rurales andinas. Su trabajo apunta a (1) patrullar el ecosistema del páramo “por arriba”, en las elevaciones más altas, y (2) reclutar el trabajo colectivo de sus vecinos para realizar trabajo conservacionista “por abajo” en elevaciones menos altas. El trabajo de los guardas del páramo contribuye directamente a hacer cumplir la reclamación territorial del FONAG sobre la tierra, necesaria para proseguir en la comodificación de los servicios ecosistémicos así generados. Al destacar las tensiones y contradicciones que surgen de la posición de la guardia, este artículo demuestra cómo la reclamación territorial a través de la gobernanza ambiental basada en el mercado implica trabajo y gobernabilidades múltiples, para circular valor.

Acknowledgments

Along with thanking the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments, I thank Wendy Jepson, Christian Brannstrom, Kathleen O’Reilly, and Thomas Lacher for their feedback on an early draft of this work.

Notes

1 FONAG has since acquired private properties through funds from constituents.

2 Information is provided from a 2013 interview with the FONAG Paramo Guard coordinator.

Additional information

Funding

The research presented in this article was funded by a National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant (#BSC-1303138), the Melborn G. Glasscock Center for Humanities Research, and the National Science Foundation IGERT Applied Biodiversity Sciences Program at Texas A&M University. Additional support for the development of this article was provided by the Geography & Geospatial Sciences Department at Kansas State University.

Notes on contributors

Audrey Joslin

AUDREY JOSLIN is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography and Geospatial Sciences at Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506. E-mail: [email protected]. She studies conservation incentives, rural land management, and social responses to environmental change.

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