Coupling molecular and risk analysis to investigate the origin, distribution and potential impact of non-native species: an application to ruffe Gymnocephalus cernua in Turkey

Figures & data

Table I. Origin (country and location), GenBank or BOLD accession numbers and haplotype of the Gymnocephalus specimens analysed for molecular data

Species	Country	Location	Accession no.	Haplotype	Source
G. cernua	Turkey	Lakes Gala, Pamuklu and Sığırcı (Delta of River Maritza)	MW857189	Hap 7	This study
G. cernua	Turkey	Lakes Gala, Pamuklu and Sığırcı (Delta of River Maritza)	MW857190	Hap 7	This study
G. cernua	Turkey	Lakes Gala, Pamuklu and Sığırcı (Delta of River Maritza)	MW857191	Hap 7	This study
G. cernua	Turkey	Lakes Gala, Pamuklu and Sığırcı (Delta of River Maritza)	MW857192	Hap 7	This study
G. cernua	Turkey	Lakes Gala, Pamuklu and Sığırcı (Delta of River Maritza)	MW857193	Hap 7	This study
G. cernua	China	Unknown	KT716370	Hap 8	Yang et al. (2016)
G. cernua	Czechia	Svratka	HQ960461	Hap 1	Halacka et al. (2010)
G. cernua	Czechia	Mydlovary	HQ960571	Hap 1	Halacka et al. (2010)
G. cernua	Czechia	Pouzdransky pond	HQ960630	Hap 1	Halacka et al. (2010)
G. cernua	Czechia	Mostiste	HQ960656	Hap 1	Halacka et al. (2010)
G. cernua	Czechia	Orlice	HQ960766	Hap 1	Halacka et al. (2010)
G. cernua	Czechia	Stara Dyje	HQ960775	Hap 4	Halacka et al. (2010)
G. cernua	Czechia	Olesna Stream	HQ960868	Hap 3	Halacka et al. (2010)
G. cernua	Czechia	River Morava	HQ961005	Hap 1	Halacka et al. (2010)
G. cernua	Czechia	Stipton hatchery	IFCZE825-11	Hap 1	Halacka et al. (2011)
G. cernua	Czechia	Hlohovecky pond	IFCZE843-11	Hap 4	Halacka et al. (2011)
G. cernua	Czechia	Sance dam	IFCZE976-12	Hap 1	Halacka et al. (2011)
G. cernua	France	River Rhone drainage	KJ553416	Hap 1	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KJ128506
G. cernua	Germany	Between Egg Herrieden and Lake Island Constance	HM902266	Hap 1	Knebelsberger et al. (2015)
G. cernua	Germany	River Pretzsch Elbe	HM902268	Hap 5	Knebelsberger et al. (2015)
G. cernua	Germany	Muggelspree	KM286681	Hap 1	Knebelsberger et al. (2015)
G. cernua	Germany	River Sieg	KM286685	Hap 1	Knebelsberger et al. (2015)
G. cernua	Germany	Rheinsberger	KM286688	Hap 1	Knebelsberger et al. (2015)
G. cernua	Germany	River Havel	KM286691	Hap 1	Knebelsberger et al. (2015)
G. cernua	Germany	River Ren	KM286692	Hap 6	Knebelsberger et al. (2015)
G. cernua	Germany	River Danube (Bavaria)	KM373650	Hap 1	Knebelsberger et al. (2015)
G. cernua	Germany	Baden-Wuerttemberg, Lake Rhine, Lake Constance	KM373686	Hap 1	Knebelsberger et al. (2015)
G. cernua	Norway	Akershus Hurdal	NOFIS129-18	Hap 2	Brabrand (2016)
G. cernua	Russia	Oka (River Volga, River Ugra)	JN026736	Hap 9	April et al. (2011)
G. cernua	Russia	River Don (Tsimlyansk Reservoir)	JN026737	Hap 10	April et al. (2011)
G. cernua	Russia	Lake Ilmen	JN026741	Hap 10	April et al. (2011)
G. cernua	Russia	Lake Plescheevo	KT989768	Hap 9	Karabanov and Borovikova (2016)
G. cernua	Slovakia	River Danube (downstream of Bratislava)	JN026729	Hap 1	April et al. (2011)
G. cernua	Sweden	Bjorkenas	KJ128506	Hap 2	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KJ128506
G. cernua	Ukraine	Unknown	JN026734	Hap 1	April et al. (2011)
G. cernua	USA	Lake Superior	EU524645	Hap 1	Hubert et al. (2008)
G. ambriaelacus	Germany	Bavaria, Upper Bavaria, River Danube, Lake Ammersee	KM286679	–	Knebelsberger et al. (2015)
G. baloni	Germany	River Danube (upstream of Vilshofen)	HM902262	–	Knebelsberger et al. (2015)
G. schraetser	Germany	River Danube (upstream of Vilshofen)	HM902260	–	Knebelsberger et al. (2015)

Figure 1. Neighbour-Joining (NJ) tree based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcode gene sequences of ruffe Gymnocephalus cernua, Danube ruffe Gymnocephalus baloni, Gymnocephalus ambriaelacus and schraetzer (striped ruffe) Gymnocephalus schraetser, plus pike-perch Sander lucioperca as an outgroup. Bootstrap values (maximum likelihood-NJ) are shown above nodes if 50% or higher in value.

Figure 2. Median joining network tree of COI barcode haplotypes of G. cernua.

Table II. Scoring output (mean values from two assessors) from the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit for ruffe Gymnocephalus cernua in the risk assessment areas of Thrace and Anatolia (Turkey)

Section/category	Thrace	Anatolia
Biogeography/historical	18.5	13.0
Domestication/cultivation	1.0	1.0
Climate, distribution and introduction risk	1.5	0.5
Invasive elsewhere	16.0	11.5
Biology/ecology	17.5	15.5
Undesirable (or persistence) traits	6.5	6.0
Resource exploitation	6.0	6.0
Reproduction	1.5	1.5
Dispersal mechanisms	−0.5	−2.0
Tolerance attributes	4.0	4.0
BRA score	36.0	28.5
Climate change	0.0	−7.0
BRA+CCA score	36.0	21.5

Table III. Outcomes of the environmental impact classification of Alien Taxa (EICAT: Blackburn et al. 2014) applied to G. cernua in its introduced ranges of Europe and North America

	Europe			North America
Component	Impacts	Uncertainty	Explanation	Impact	Uncertainty	Explanation
Competition	4	3	Competition for food showed in field	3	2	Laboratory and mesocosm experiments showing out-competition with native fish
Predation	4	3	Stomach content analyses revealed high predation including native fish egg	4	3	Stomach content analyses with different prey items
Hybridisation	1	2	No hybridisation reported	1	2	No hybridisation reported
Transmission diseases to native	1	2	No data available	1	2	No evidence
Parasitism	1	2	Transmissions to other species has not been documented	1	2	No impacts recorded
Poisoning/toxicity	1	3	No data available	1	3	No data available
Bio-fouling	1	3	No impacts reported	1	3	No impacts reported
Herbivory	1	3	No impacts reported	1	3	No impacts reported
Physical, chemical, structural	1	2	No data available	1	3	No data available
Interaction with other alien species	1	1	No impacts reported	2	2	Very weak competitive interaction with yellow perch
Final score	4			4
Category	Major			Major
Level of confidence	3 (High)			2 (Medium)

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