Whelks, rock-snails, and allied: a new phylogenetic framework for the family Muricidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

Figures & data

Table I. Date intervals (95% confidence range in mya) obtained from least-squares ML analyses (by IQTree) for selected major nodes, along with fossil records used as calibration points. *based on Douglas et al. (2014); samples from Seymour Island suggested to be older (45.8–58.4 mya) based on Montes et al. (2019).

Node	Old(est) fossil records	Used calibration point	ML results
Muricidae	In the interval 70–112 mya according to Merle et al. (2011). Oldest undisputable muricid, Flexopteron cretacea from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian=c. 70 mya) (Merle et al., 2022)	(1) 70–112 mya	80
Typhinae	Laevityphis muticus from the lower Ypresian (48.6–55.8 mya) of England and France (Merle et al., 2022)	(2) 48.6–55.8 mya	39.49–48.35
Ocenebrinae	Ocinebrina rarisulcata from the Middle Eocene (Bartonian, 37.8–41.2 mya) (Merle et al., 2022)	(3) 37.8–41.2 mya	20.94–30.24
Trophoninae	Gemixystus nyxti from the the Ypresian of France (48–56 mya), or Trophon disparoides from the Late Eocene of Antarctica (34–45 mya*) (Griffin & Pastorino, 2005)
Ocenebrinae+ Trophoninae			34.26–44.37
Nucella	(Collins, 1996)	(4) 20.4–23 mya	10.57–15.42
Murex trapa	Plio-Pleistocene (MNHN collection)	(5) 0.01–5.3 mya	0–0.49
Timbellus	Danian 61.6–66 (Merle 2022)	(6) 61–66 mya	24.19–35.82
Muricinae s.s.			30.38–38.75
Muricopsinae	Eofavartia sp. 1 from lowermost early Eocene of Alabama (47.8–56 mya: Vokes, 1994) From the Priabonian of France (Murexsul primigenius) and of S Australia (M. prionotus) (33.8–37.8 mya: Merle et al., 2022)		46.22–54.86
Pagodulinae			30.37–39.44
Haustrinae	Haustrum intermedium from the early Miocene (Aquitanian) of NZ (Merle et al., 2022) 20.4–23		27.79–36.02
Ergalataxinae	Taurasia sacyi from the Early Oligocene of France (Rupoelian, 28.4–33.9), or Orania fischeri from the Late Oligocene of Aquitaine (Chattian, 23.3–27.8) (Merle et al., 2022)		41.05–52.93
Coralliophilinae	Timotia aldrichi from the Middle Eocene (Bartonian = 37.8–41.2 mya) of Mississipi and Louisiana		73.06–79.60
Rapaninae	Cymia berryi Olsson, 1931, from the Late Eocene (37.2–33.9 mya) of Peru (Vermeij & Carlson, 2000)		55.69–65.42

Figure 1. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction of the family Muricidae using IQTree. Values at nodes indicate ultrafast bootstrap support. Three letters at the end of each specimen’s label along with colours (as in Figure 2) indicate the current subfamily assignation. Type species are indicated with an * at the end of the name.

Figure 1. (Continued).

Figure 1. (Continued).

Figure 2. Maximum Likelihood time calibrated phylogenetic reconstruction of the family Muricidae using IQTree. Black dots at nodes indicate ultrafast bootstrap support values ≥ 0.95. Bars at nodes indicate 95% confidence intervals of ages expressed in mya. Branches are largely collapsed (fully uncollapsed tree in Supplementary Material Figure S5). Colours of collapsed clades, taxon names, and figure-connecting lines indicate the traditional subfamilial classification of the taxa represented in the relevant lineage (as also indicated in the subfamily labelling). Shells, not to scale, of representative taxa (indicated by an asterisk), from top/left: Homalocantha pele; Muricanthus radix; Murex pecten; Tripterotyphis fayae; Aspella producta; Muricopsis cristata; typhina coronata; Flexopteron poppei; Vitularia miliaris; Timbellus richeri; Ponderia magna; Haustrum lacunosum; Poirieria zelandica; Pagodula echinata; Daphnellopsis lamellosa; Pterynotus elongatus; Trophon geversianum; Gracilipurpura craticulata; Ocenebra hispidula; Muricodrupa fenestrata; Trachypollia lugubris; Orania fusulus; Ergalatax junionae; Cytharomorula vexillum; Coralliophila galea; Coralliophila violacea; Babelomurex cariniferus; Latiaxis pilsbryi; Leptoconchus peroni; Drupina grossularia; Nassa serta; Drupa ricinus; Vexilla vexillum; Semiricinula muricoides; Rapana bezoar.

Douglas PMJ, Affek HP, Ivany LC, Houben AJP, Sijp WP, Sluijs A, Schouten S, Pagani M. 2014. Pronounced zonal heterogeneity in Eocene southern high-latitude sea surface temperatures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111:6582–6587. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321441111.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Montes M, Beamud E, Nozal F, Santillana S. 2019. Late Maastrichtian-Paleocene chronostratigraphy from Seymour (Marambio) island (James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula). Eustatic controls of sedimentation. Advances in Polar Science 30(3):303–327. DOI: 10.13679/j.advps.2019.2.00.

 Google Scholar

Merle D, Garrigues B, Pointier JP. 2011. Fossil and recent Muricidae of the world. Part Muricinae. Harxheim: ConchBooks.

 Google Scholar

Merle D, Garrigues B, Pointier JP. 2022. Fossil and recent Muricidae of the world: Part Muricopsinae. Harxheim: ConchBooks.

 Google Scholar

Griffin M, Pastorino G. 2005. The genus Trophon Monfort, 1810 (Gastropoda: Muricidae) in the tertiary of Patagonia. Journal of Paleontology 79(2):296–311. DOI: 10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079<0296:TGTMGM>2.0.CO;2.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Collins TM, Frazer K, Palmer AR, Vermeij GJ, Brown WM. 1996. Evolutionary history of Northern Hemisphere Nucella (Gastropoda, Muricidae): Molecular, morphological, ecological, and paleontological evidence. Evolution 50(6):2287–2304. DOI: 10.2307/2410698.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Herbert GS, Merle D, Gallardo CS. 2007. A developmental perspective on evolutionary innovation in the radula of the predatory neogastropod family Muricidae. American Malacological Bulletin 23(1):17–32. DOI: 10.4003/0740-2783-23.1.17.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Vokes EH. 1996. One last look at the Muricidae. American Conchologist 24:4–6.

 Google Scholar

Vermeij GJ, Carlson SJ. 2000. The muricid gastropod subfamily Rapaninae: Phylogeny and ecological history. Paleobiology 26(1):19–46. DOI: 10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0019:TMGSRP>2.0.CO;2.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar