Resilience and bioresponse of two marine algae to petroleum fuel pollution

Figures & data

Table 1. Physico-chemical condition of the seawater used for the preparation WSF of the fuels and culture medium.

Parameter	Concentration
pH	7.69
Salinity	23.5 mg l^−1
Conductivity	36 050 µS cm^−1
Total dissolved solid (TDS)	19 085 mg l^−1

Figure 1. Physiological response (growth) of test algae to the WSF of the different petroleum fuels with time: a) growth response of Nannochloropsis oculata in kerosene, b) growth response of N. oculata in diesel, c) growth response of N. oculata in gasoline.

Figure 2. Physiological response (growth) of test algae to the WSF of the different petroleum fuels with time: a) Growth response of Porphyridium cruentum in kerosene, b) growth response of P. cruentum in diesel, c) growth response of P. cruentum in gasoline.

Figure 3. Morphological alteration of Nannochloropsis oculata in kerosene at the end of the experiment; a) N. oculata before experiment, b) 0% WSF, c) 25% WSF, d) 50% WSF and e) 100% WSF of kerosene, respectively. Magnification × 100, arrows highlight algal cells.

Figure 4. Morphological alteration of Nannochloropsis oculata in diesel at the end of the experiment; a) N. oculata before experiment, b) 0% WSF, c) 25% WSF, d) 50% WSF and e) 100% WSF of kerosene, respectively. Magnification × 100, arrows highlight algal cells.

Figure 5. Morphological alteration of Nannochloropsis oculata in kerosene at the end of the experiment; a) N. oculata before experiment, b) 0% WSF, c) 25% WSF, d) 50% WSF and e) 100% WSF of kerosene, respectively. Magnification x 100, arrows highlight algal cells.

Figure 6. Morphological alteration of Porphyridium cruentum in kerosene at the end of the experiment; a) P. cruentum before experiment, b) 0% WSF, c) 25% WSF, d) 50% WSF and e) 100% WSF of kerosene, respectively. Magnification x 100, arrows highlight algal cells.

Figure 7. Morphological alteration of Porphyridium cruentum in diesel at the end of the experiment; a) P. cruentum before experiment, b) 0% WSF, c) 25% WSF, d) 50% WSF and e) 100% WSF of kerosene, respectively. Magnification x 100, arrows highlight algal cells.

Figure 8. Morphological alteration of Porphyridium cruentum in gasoline at the end of the experiment; a) P. cruentum before experiment, b) 0% WSF, c) 25% WSF, d) 50% WSF and e) 100% WSF of kerosene, respectively. Magnification x 100, arrows highlight algal cells.

Table 2. Cell size range and shape of Nannochloropsis oculata at the end of experiment (day 14).

		Cell size range in (µm)
Conc		Kerosene	Diesel	Gasoline	Cell clumping	Cell shape
0%	Length	2.08–4.57	2.08–4.57	2.08–4.57	None	Spherical
	Width	2.08–4.57	2.08–4.57	2.08–4.57
25%	Length	2.08–3.74	2.08–3.32	2.08–3.32	None	Obovoid, oblong
	Width	1.25–2.08	1.25–2.08	1.25–2.08
50%	Length	1.66–3.32	1.25–3.32	2.08–3.32	Minor clumping in 50% diesel	Obovoid, oblong
	Width	1.25–2.08	2.08–4.98	1.25–2.08
100%	Length	1.66–2.08	1.25–4.98	1.66–2.08	Minor clumping in 100% diesel	Obovoid, oblong
	Width	0.83–2.08	2.08–4.98	0.83–2.08

Table 3. Cell size range of Porphyridium cruentum at the end of experiment (day 14).

		Cell size range (µm)
Conc		Kerosene	Diesel	Gasoline	Cell clumping	Cell shape
0%	Length	3.74–9.96	3.74–9.96	3.74–9.96	None	Spherical
	Width	3.74–9.92	3.74–9.92	3.74–9.92
25%	Length	3.32–9.96	3.32–9.96	2.91–9.92	Clumping in 25% WSF of the various fuels	Ovoid
	Width	2.91–7.47	2.91–9.96	2.91–7.47
50%	Length	3.74–10.79	3.74–10.79	2.91–10.79	Clumping in 50% WSF of the various fuels	Ovoid
	Width	2.91–9.96	2.91–9.96	2.91–9.96
100%	Length	3.74–11.62	3.74–11.62	3.74–11.96	Severe clumping in 100% WSF of all the fuels	Ovoid
	Width	2.91–10.62	2.91–10.62	2.91–11.96

Figure 9. a) Peroxidase concentrations of Nannochloropsis oculata in the different petroleum fuels at the end of the experiment (day 14), b) peroxidase concentration of Porphyridium cruentum in the different petroleum fuels at the end of the experiment (day 14).

Figure 10. a) Superoxide dismutase concentration in Nannochloropsis oculata in the different petroleum fuels at the end of the experiment (day 14), b) Superoxide dismutase concentration of Porphyridium cruentum in the different petroleum fuels at the end of the experiment (day 14).

Figure 11. a) Catalase concentration of Nannochloropsis oculata in the different petroleum fuels at the end of the experiment (day 14), b) catalase concentration of Porphyridium cruentum in the different petroleum fuels at the end of the experiment (day 14).

Figure 12. a) Chlorophyll a concentration of Nannochloropsis oculata in the different petroleum fuels at the end of the experiment (day 14), b) chlorophyll a concentration of Porphyridium cruentum in the different petroleum fuels at the end of the experiment (day 14).

Figure 13. a) Principal component analysis biplot showing the relationship between growth, chlorophyll a (Chl a), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity of Nannochloropsis oculata in kerosene, b) principal component analysis biplot showing the relationship between growth, chlorophyll a (Chl a), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity of Nannochloropsis oculata in diesel, c) Principal component analysis biplot showing the relationship between growth, chlorophyll a (Chl a), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity of Nannochloropsis oculata in gasoline.

Figure 14. a) Principal component analysis biplot showing the relationship between growth, chlorophyll a (Chl a), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity of Porphyridium cruentum in kerosene, b) principal component analysis biplot showing the relationship between growth, chlorophyll a (Chl a), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity of Porphyridium cruentum in diesel, c) principal component analysis biplot showing the relationship between growth, chlorophyll a (Chl a), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity of Porphyridium cruentum in gasoline.

Table 4. Petroleum hydrocarbon component of the WSF of the different petroleum fuels.

Petroleum hydrocarbon	Concentration (µg l^–1)
	Kerosene (B. EXP.)	Diesel (B. EXP.)	Gasoline (B. EXP.)
N-octane	<0.01	<0.01	22.99
n-nonane	656.15	50.57	260.51
n-decane	2256.17	268.11	2034.09
n-undecane	1563.64	389.99	1239.29
n-dodecane	5676.2	2083.16	2322.04
n-tridecane	<0.01	152.31	<0.01
n-tetradecane	2777.86	2966.49	2846.44
n-pentadecane	206.45	193.92	43.94
n-hexadecane	1654.67	2121.15	1159.47
n-heptadecane	176.15	1068.64	114.95
Pristine	137.05	615.57	55.14
n-octadecane	911.01	1868.29	761.72
Phytane	184.81	1120.91	178.11
n-nonadecane	138.65	250.45	71.21
n-eicosane	442.03	110.63	392.11
n-heneicosane	63.95	57.78	32.33
n-docasane	197.41	382.14	166.88
n-tricosane	22.89	56.2	<0.01
n-tetracosane	95.15	321.61	80.68
n-pentacosane	5.6	32.55	354.83
n-haxecosane	20.92	39.28	12.41
n-heptacosane	20.21	268.61	21.71
n-octacosane	19.09	45.14	19.4
n-nonacosane	23.09	97.05	29.1
n-tricotane	18.35	<0.01	31.32
n-hentriacotane	7.42	24.22	9.44
n-dotriacotane	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
n-tritriacontane	24.63	5.27	<0.01
∑TPH	17299.57	15590.08	16444.46