The use and value of wild harvested provisioning ecosystem services along a landscape heterogeneity gradient in rural South Africa

Figures & data

Figure 1. Location of Njela, Gogogo and Ludaka (Source: ArcGIS 15/11/2017).

Table 1. Socio-economic and biophysical profile across the three villages (From: Statistics South Africa 2011 and baseline data from household surveys).

Category	Njela	Gogogo	Ludaka
Population	460	951	685
Households	85	206	144
Average household size (people) ±SD	8 ± 4	7 ± 5	6 ± 3
% HH with livestock	29	53	70
Mean size of home garden (ha) ±SD	0.13 ± 0.10	0.12 ± 0.02	0.21 ± 0.06
% female-headed households	59	58	58
Modal level of education	Primary	Primary	Primary
Modal household income bracket (Rand per year)^#	9 600–19 600	9 600–19 600	9 600–19 600
Main source of household water	Dam/pools	River/stream	River/stream
Mean annual rainfall (mm)	1 050	840	717
Altitude (m)	0	430	600
Broad landscape types	Forest, woodland, grassland, marine, estuarine, riparian, old fields	Grassland, forest, old fields	Grassland

^#Rand to US dollar value during data collection was approximately US$1 = R15.00.

Table 2. Prevalence of use (% of households) and average annual contribution of PES to rural households (self-collected use) (Rand to US dollar value during data collection was approximately US$1 = R15.00. (¹ High trade by a few individuals ²) Details of marine resources in Table 4.

	Njela		Gogogo		Ludaka		Av. annual direct-use and trade value per user HH across villages (R/yr)	Av. annual direct-use and trade value in all HH across villages (R/yr)
Resources	% of HH	Av. annual direct-use and trade value per user HH (R/yr)	% of HH	Av. annual direct-use and trade value per user HH (R/yr)	% of HH	Av. annual direct-use and trade value per user HH (R/yr)
Bushmeat	11	3 052 ± 3 496	8	5 933 ± 3 754	0	-	4 287 ± 3 630	216 ± 1 240
Fuelwood	97	3 744 ± 3 404	83	8 807 ± 8 296	0	-	6 238 ± 6 759	3 635 ± 5 999
Grass hand-brushes	51	53 ± 77	45	53 ± 77	48	356 ± 599	158 ± 380	76 ± 273
Marine resources^2	83	37 407 ± 33 559	0	-	0	-	-	-
Mushrooms	34	50 ± 166	63	52 ± 58	0	-	51 ± 79	16 ± 50
Palm fronds	14	1 534 ± 2 146	5	1 030 ± 1 371	0	-	1 390 ± 1 856	84 ± 541
Poles (fence)	66	2 532 ± 7 837	60	566 ± 581	0	-	1 573 ± 5 645	588 ± 3 511
Wooden Fighting^1	0	-	18	1 376 ± 3 029	0	-	1 376 ± 3 029	84 ± 770
utensils Stirring^1	0	-	8	5 016 ± 8 646	0	-	5 016 ± 8 646	131 ± 1 399
Tool handles	0	-	35	895 ± 3 024	0	-	895 ± 3 024	109 ± 1 063
Walking^1	13	290 ± 529	8	5 591 ± 6 760	0	-	2 058 ± 4 316	161 ± 1 270
Thatch grass	69	2 749 ± 5 128	40	13 044 ± 17 847	38	1 017 ± 1 506	5 510 ± 11 536	2 779 ± 8 614
Weaving reeds	34	862 ± 1 107	40	991 ± 1 388	0	-	926 ± 1 237	258 ± 768
Wild fruits	77	374 ± 437	68	130 ± 154	0	-	252 ± 347	118 ± 268
Wild honey	8	850 ± 1 227	10	812 ± 1 130	0	-	829 ± 1 068	50 ± 316
Wild herbs	40	240 ± 130	25	209 ± 128	0	-	228 ± 128	47 ± 109

1. Av. direct-use value per user HH (R/yr): a) Njela: 39 843±38 802; b) Gogogo: 16 796±19 702; c) Ludaka: 1 573±2 894

2. Av. direct-use value across all HH (R/yr): a) Njela: 39 843±38 802; b) Gogogo: 15 956±19 545; c) Ludaka: 983±2 398

Table 3. Focus group ranking (in descending order; 1 = highest) of the frequency and amount of PES collected around Njela and Gogogo.

	Rank	Njela terrestrial	Njela marine	Gogogo
Collection frequency	1	Fuelwood	Crayfish	Fuelwood
	2	Medicinal plants	Mussels	Medicinal plants
	3	Wild fruit and wild herbs	Fish	Wild herbs
	4	Walking/fighting/stirring sticks	Red bait	Bushmeat
	5	Thatch	Limpets	Wild fruit
	6	Poles (fencing)	Oysters	Thatch
	7	Bushmeat	Octopus	Walking/fighting/stirring sticks
	8	Wild honey		Palm fronds
	9			Wild honey
	10			Poles (fencing)
Amounts collected	1	Fuelwood	Mussels	Fuelwood
	2	Poles (fencing)	Crayfish	Poles (fencing, kraal)
	3	Thatch	Fish	Thatch
	4	Wild herbs	Oysters	Medicinal plants
	5	Walking/fighting/stirring sticks	Red bait	Walking/fighting/stirring sticks
	6	Medicinal plants	Limpets	Wild fruit
	7	Wild honey	Octopus	Wild honey
	8	Bushmeat		Wild herbs
	9			Medicinal plants
	10			Palm fronds

Table 4. The prevalence of use (% of households) and the average annual value (R) of marine provisioning services to rural households (self-collected use only) in Njela.

Resource	Proportion (%) of HH	Av. annual direct-use and traded value per user HH (R/yr)	Av. annual direct-use and traded value across all HH (R/yr)
Crayfish	71	13 351 ± 13 077	9 536 ± 12 654
Fish	45	14 185 ± 13 462	6 485 ± 11 695
Limpets	54	1 005 ± 1 190	443 ± 965
Mussels	71	14 669 ± 20 485	11 113 ± 18 854
Red bait	51	3 261 ± 3 781	1 677 ± 3 212
Octopus	57	1 347 ± 1 526	884 ± 1 415
Oysters	20	7 834 ± 10 223	1 662 ± 6 030

Av. direct-use value per: a) user HH (R/yr) 37 407±33 559

b) all HH (R/yr): 30 994±33 646

Table 5. Average proportional contribution of PES to overall terrestrial PES value amongst all households (i.e. users and non-users) in Njela and Gogogo.

PES	Average % value
	Njela	Gogogo	Combined
Fuelwood	49 ± 28	56 ± 38	52 ± 33
Thatch grass	18 ± 20	22 ± 34	20 ± 28
Poles (fence)	11 ± 20	4 ± 6	7 ± 15
Weaving reeds	5 ± 8	5 ± 17	5 ± 13
Wild fruit	6 ± 12	2 ± 3	4 ± 9
Walking stick	1 ± 6	3 ± 9	2 ± 8
Bushmeat	2 ± 9	1 ± 4	1 ± 7
Fighting stick	0 ± 0	2 ± 10	1 ± 7
Palm fronds	2 ± 9	0 ± 1	1 ± 6
Wild herbs	1 ± 3	1 ± 1	1 ± 2
Grass hand-brushes	1 ± 1	1 ± 3	1 ± 2
Stirring stick	0 ± 0	1 ± 6	1 ± 5
Wild honey	1 ± 5	0 ± 1	1 ± 4
Tool handles	0 ± 0	1 ± 4	1 ± 9
Mushrooms	0 ± 1	1 ± 3	1 ± 2

Figure 2. Regression indicating the number of PES collected and corresponding direct-use and trade value (Rand) per household per annum in Njela (A), Gogogo (B). (US$1 = R15 at time of data collection).

Statistics South Africa. 2011. Njela/Gogogo/Ludaka [ Online]. www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=4286&id=4467. [accessed 2016 July 6].

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