Exploring links between local knowledge, values and livelihoods in land-sea interface: insights on emerging tradeoffs and change in Southern Chile

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study area map, showing the location of different communities included in the study of the valdivian coast. Each community is represented by a different color. The red line indicates the crossing of the ship between Niebla and Corral (Corral is a town, commune in Valdivia Province). The black dot represents the main city in the region, Valdivia.

Table 1. Top five of saliency index for species and values on terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Values close to 1 are the most salient item, always named first.

Ecosystem	Specie	Saliency Index	Value	Saliency Index
Land	Arrayan (tree)	0.204	Consumption	0.441
Land	Horse	0.141	Commercial	0.392
Land	Canelo (sacred tree)	0.138	Conservation	0.266
Land	Alerce (tree)	0.102	Construction	0.222
Land	Avellano (tree)	0.101	Scenic	0.137
Sea	Chorito (Chilean blue mussel)	0.235	Commercial	1.000
Sea	Whale	0.160	Consumption	0.628
Sea	Chancharro (fish)	0.145	Scenic	0.069
Sea	Congrio (fish)	0.140	Conservation	0.056
Sea	Erizo (Sea urchin)	0.138	Biological indicator	0.026

Figure 2. Sankey diagram representing connections between group of species, represented as class of species (left panel), communities (middle panel) and values (right panel). The width of each bar represents the frequency of data.

Figure 3. Radar plot showing the relation between the different group of values: relational, intrinsic, and instrumental for a) land and sea species and for b) exotic and native species. Each group has a value between 0 and 1.

Table 2. Concepts of relational values approach defined by Chan et al. (2016) and land and marine based examples from the fieldwork.

Relation	Subset of Relational Values	Definition	Land species	Sea species
Individual	Identity	Species is important to me as a person, who I am	‘It (Cat) has a sentimental value for me and my life’.	“I grew up with the ‘Chorito^a’ and it has been with me and my family all my life.
	Eudaimonia	It helps me to lead a good life	‘The care and breeding of my animals (ducks and sheep) is important to have a good life and to be able to eat and generate some money’.	‘(Robalo^b) It helps me to eat and have something to sell’
	Virtue	Caring is the right thing to do	‘(Olivillo^c) It is the protector of the sea’	‘I like to see the Chungungo^d and we need to take care of it’
Collective	Cultural identity	Species is important to my people, to who we are	‘(Canelo^e) it is a sacred and ancestral tree, with a lot of meaning for my people’	The connection with the Cochayuyo^f and Luche^g has a cultural and historical value for us, which has been lost over time”
	Social cohesion	Species provides a link to connect with people	‘Ñocha^h brings us together, it has a cultural value, and we use it for basketry’	‘The gathering of Lapas^i and Caracoles^j is a time to get together with our families and generate bonds’
	Social responsibility	Care of species is important to care to my people	‘Birds as Zorzal^k or Picaflor^l are important for resilience of native forest’	‘We need to keep protecting the Loco^m as a union for the good of our community’
	Moral responsibility	Caring about species is a moral necessity	‘(Alerce^n) It is sacred, resilient and has wisdom’	‘Although it causes negative damage to our nets, we must care for the sea lion because it is part of nature’

^aChorito (Mytilus chilensis) or Chilean blue mussel is a native species of filter-feeding bivalve.

^bRobalo (Eleginops maclovinus) or Patagonian blennie or is a marine fish that is caught through artisanal fishing.

^cOlivillo (Aextoxicon punctatum) is a tree endemic to Chile and Argentina.

^dChungungo (Lontra felina) or Marine otter is one of the smallest otters and the smallest marine mammal.

^eCanelo (Drimys winteri) is one of the sacred trees of the Mapuche people and is found in Chile and Argentina.

^fCochayuyo (Durvillaea antarctica) is an edible brown seaweed that has long been one of the food resources of indigenous and local communities.

^gLuche (Ulva lactuta) also known as sea lettuce, is an edible green alga which grows in the intertidal zone of most of the world’s oceans.

^hÑocha (Greigia landbeckii) is a plant endemic to Chile of the Bromeliaceae family and is traditionally used in basketry.

ⁱLapa (Fissurella spp) or Limpet is a gastropod mollusk inhabiting the intertidal, which is harvested for consumption or sale.

^jCaracol or sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk inhabiting the intertidal.

^kZorzal (Turdus falcklandii) or austral thrush is a native bird inhabiting both urban and rural areas.

^lPicaflor (Sephanoides sephaniodes) or Green-backed firecrown is the most common hummingbird in Chile.

^mLoco (Concholepas concholepas) or Chilean abalone is a marine gastropod mollusk used in Chilean cuisine and sold internationally as a delicacy.

ⁿAlerce (Fitzroya cupressoides) is an ancient tree, whose longest-living individuals are considered to be one of the oldest living things on earth.

Figure 4. Comparison of livelihoods of different communities. Colors represent a different activity. Boxplots show the mean (grey dot), median, hinges, whiskers, and outliers (black dot). Formal, informal and tourism jobs are a binary response between 0 and 1.

Figure 5. Relation between livelihoods (as number of different jobs) and diversity of values at individual-level. Blue slope shows the correlation. Each point was colored according to the community that each inhabitant belonged to.

Chan KMA, Balvanera P, Benessaiah K, Chapman M, Díaz S, Gómez-Baggethun E, Gould R, Hannahs N, Jax K, Klain S, et al. 2016. Why protect nature? Rethinking values and the environment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 113(6):1462–1465. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.5146.0560.

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