Interaction of Perfluorooctanoic Acid with terrestrial plants: Uptake, transfer and phytotoxicity aspects

Figures & data

Table 1. The summary of existing PFOA uptake in terrestrial plants.

Plant types	Plant species	Growth condition	Exposure				PFOA in plants (ng/g)	BCF value	Uptake part	R
			Growth media	Pollutants	PFOA concentration	Time
Crop	Triticum aestivum L.	chamber	soil	mixed	200 ng/g, 500 ng/g, 1000 ng/g	30d	461 ± 86.8, 901 ± 158, 1417 ± 65.4	0.11 ± 0.02, 0.09 ± 0.01, 0.07 ± 0.003	Root, shoot	^[Citation47]
	Triticum aestivum L.	chamber	soil	mixed	285 ng/g	70d	163 ± 13.6	0.012 ± 0.001	Shoot, root	^[Citation44]
Vegetable	Lactuca sativa	greenhouse	soil	mixed	3 μg/week	maturity	298 ± 45.6, 95.7 ± 9.89, 38.0 ± 10.8	34.9 ± 5.34 (0.4%OC), 4.30 ± 0.44 (2%OC), 1.18 ± 0.34 (6%OC)	Leaf	^[Citation48]
	Brassica juncea	greenhouse	soil	mixed	94,000 ng/week	98–126d	1814 ± 435	14.10	Foliage	^[Citation10]
	Daucus carota var. Chantenay;	greenhouse	compost:soil (5:95)	mixed	500 ng/g	84–98d	462.72	0.87;	Peel, core, leaf	^[Citation49]
	Daucus carota var. Nantesa;					84–98d	490.02	1.02;	Peel, core, leaf
	Lactuca sativa var. Golden Spring					28–35d	1571.8	2.82;	Heart, leaf
	Spinacia oleracea	greenhouse	soil	mixed	1000, 5000 μg/kg	120d	171.5 ± 28.35, 544.5 ± 95.12	0.21, 0.11	-	^[Citation50]
	Allium fistulosum				50, 500 μg/kg	120d	10.53 ± 2.06, 124.0 ± 35.27	0.20, 0.26
	Brassica campestris L.	chamber	soil	mixed	285 ng/g	70d	853 ± 123	0.058 ± 0.007	Shoot, root	^[Citation44]
Herb	Xanthium strumarium;	field	sediment	PFOA	297.5 ± 7.15 ng/g; 104.6 ± 1.98 ng/g	-	20.0 ± 0.17	0.07	Root	^[Citation11]
	Ficus carica					-	12.5 ± 0.19	0.12
	Tagetes erecta L.	greenhouse	soil	mixed	-	-	71.77 ± 23.07	1.91 ± 0.61	-	^[Citation51]
	Amaranthus tricolor; Cynodon dactylon; Esquisetum hyemale; Helianthus annus; Schedonorus arundinaceus; Festuca rubra	greenhouse	soil	mixed	94,000 ng/week	98–126d	5774 ± 676;588 ± 84;1533 ± 136;361 ± 35;1100 ± 327; 3737 ± 391	45.00;4.80;12.00;2.80;9.00;32.30	Foliage	^[Citation10]
	Persicaria amphibian	field	sediment	PFOA	104.6 ± 1.98 ng/g	-	13.4 ± 0.22	0.13	Root	^[Citation11]
	Artemisia schmidtiana,					-	11.7 ± 0.06	0.11
	Arabidopsis thaliana; Nicotiana benthamiana	chamber	nutrient solution	PFOA	5, 20 mg/L	21d	419,900, 999,300	84, 50;	Shoot, root	^[Citation23]
							97,100, 266,300	19.4, 13.3
	Bromus diandrus Roth.	chamber	nutrient solution	mixed	0.5, 1 μg/mL	20d	1817;  3416	3.63, 3.42	-	^[Citation24]
Arbor	Populus canescens	field	sediment	PFOA	95.0 ± 3.71 ng/g	-	13.3 ± 1.44	0.14	Root	^[Citation11]
	Fraxinus pennsylvanica; Pinus taeda; Betula nigra; Liquidambar styraciflua; Platanus occidentalis; Salix nigra	greenhouse	soil	mixed	94,000 ng/week	98–126d	1 ± 0 (foliage), 23 ± 12 (woody); 105 ± 49 (foliage), 3 ± 2 (woody); 5419 ± 1277 (foliage), 178 ± 31 (woody); 1330 ± 951 (foliage), 354 ± 26 (woody); 1123 ± 396 (foliage), 64 ± 14 (woody); 3442 ± 241 (foliage), 241 ± 52 (woody)	0.00; 0.90; 45.80; 10.90; 9.70; 28.90	Foliage, woody	^[Citation10]

Table 2. Translocation of PFOA in terrestrial plant.

Plant type	Plant species	Exposure concentration	Growth Media		Exposure time	RCFs^a	TFs^b	R
Vegetable	Carrots;	681 ± 160, 676 ± 88;	soil with contaminated sewage sludge		63d; 71d; 96d	-	Cplant (fresh)/Csoil 0.53; 0.40 ± 0.02; 0.88 ± 0.12	^[Citation30]
	Potatoes;	276 ± 22, 795 ± 105;
	Cucumbers	406 ± 36, 805 ± 63 μg/kg
	Radish; Celery; Tomato; Sugar snap pea	0.15 ± 0.004, 78.52 ± 10.65, 14.91 ± 0.29 ng/g	biosolid-amended soil		67d; 224d; 162d; 129d;	0.85 ± 0.17; 1.42 ± 0.37; 0.96 ± 0.10; 0.79 ± 0.22	9.68 ± 3.72; 0.58 ± 0.30; 2.60 ± 0.80; 0.73 ± 0.25;	^[Citation31]
	Radish; Mung bean; Lettuce; Alfalfa;	416.8 ± 29.5 ng/g	biosolid-amended soil		45d	3.00; 7.75; 6.05; 10.30	1.78; 1.08; 0.20; 0.30	^[Citation22]
	Radish	500 ng/g	sludge-amended soil		98d	0.497	6.46	^[Citation53]
	Lettuce	0.1, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg	soil		72d	0.08, 0.15, 0.14	0.00, 3.4, 6.78,	^[Citation25]
	Radish	4 mg/kg	soils		30d	0.47 ± 0.79	2.22 ± 0.62	^[Citation32]
	Lettuce (Italian mottle-leaf variety)	0.1, 0.5 mg/L	nutrient solution		3d	25.30 ± 1.10, 20.90 ± 0.64	0.04 ± 0.01, 0.05 ± 0.00	^[Citation34]
	Lettuce (QK Italian variety)	0.1, 0.5 mg/L	nutrient solution		3d	30.90 ± 2.20, 25.80 ± 0.86	0.05 ± 0.00, 0.08 ± 0.01
Crop	Spring wheat; Oat; Maize; Potato;	0.25, 1.0, 10, 25, 50 mg/kg	soil		110d; 97d; 144–146d; 139d	-	Cgrain /Cstraw: 0.03, 0.005, 0.03, 0.014, 0.003; Cgrain /Cstraw: 0.05, 0.08, 0.066, 0.01, 0.007; Cears/Cstraw: 0.03, 0.03, 0.02, 0.02, 0.03; Ctuber/Cpeels:0.00, 0.00, 0.35, 0.46, 0.22	^[Citation54]
	Maize	1.0 mg/L	nutrient solution		100 h	23.94	0.24	^[Citation21]
	Wheat	0.1 mg/L	nutrient solution		2d	40.00	0.13	^[Citation36]
	Wheat	0.6, 4.33, 12.6, 19.8, 26.1 ng/g	biosolid-amended soil		-	2.78	Cstraw/Croot: 0.37 Cgrain/Cstraw: 0.17	^[Citation55]
	Wheat	200, 500, 1000 ng/g	soil		30d	0.09 ± 0.02, 0.06 ± 0.01, 0.05 ± 0.01	0.078, 0.092, 0.080	^[Citation47]
	Maize; Soybean; Italian ryegrass	416.8 ± 29.5 ng/g	biosolid-amended soil		45d	1.69; 3.21; 2.35	0.12; 0.09; 0.56	^[Citation22]
	Yam	-	field		-	0.33 ± 0.05	-	^[Citation56]
	Perennial grasses	-	field		-	0.0058 ± 0.00089	1.52 ± 0.62	^[Citation8]
	Wheat	0.1 mg/L	nutrient solution		80 h	108.00	0.02	^[Citation26]
	Wheat	285 ng/g	soil		70d	0.03 ± 0.006	0.29	^[Citation44]
	Rapeseed	285 ng/g	soil		70d	0.09 ± 0.005	0.58
Herb	Juncus sarophorus	410 μg/kg	soil		190d	1.00 ± 0.34	1.19 ± 0.18	^[Citation52]
	Canna indica; Cyperus alternifolius; Arundo donax	50 μg/L	nutrient solution		30d	35.40 ± 0.69; 33.70 ± 7.07; 16.10 ± 0.73	0.25 ± 0.01; 1.09 ± 0.16; 0.27 ± 0.02	^[Citation14]
	Cichorium intybus L.	100, 200 ng/g	soil		87d	8.40 ± 1.20, 11.40 ± 3.40	0.14 ± 0.04, 0.18 ± 0.08	^[Citation57]
	Cichorium intybus L.	62.5, 125, 250 μg/L	nutrient solution		38d	6.92 ± 1.21, 11.79 ± 1.12, 7.15 ± 1.22	0.53 ± 0.22, 0.24 ±0.04, 0.35 ± 0.08	^[Citation58]
	Arabidopsis thaliana; Nicotiana benthamiana	5, 20 mg/L	nutrient solution		21d	37.02, 27.40; 36.76, 28.06	2.81, 2.73; 0.35, 0.34	^[Citation23]

^aRCFs = C _root/C _{growth substrate;} ^b TF = C _tissue1/C _tissue2 (If no special explanation, TF = C _shoot/C _root); DW, dry weight; data are mean values in the cited literature.

Table 3. Phytotoxic effects of plants under exposure of PFOA.

Plant	Exposure concentration	Phytotoxic response	R
Toxic effects on growth and development
Lactuca sativa;	62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/L	Root growth↓(>1000 mg/L), germination rate↓(>62.5 mg/L);	^[Citation59]
Brassica rapa chinensis;		Root growth↓ (>1000 mg/L), germination rate↓(>125 mg/L);
Cucumis sativus		No adverse effect on seed germination, root growth ↓ (>250 mg/L)
Brassica chinensis	0.1, 1, 10,100, 200, 300, 400 mg/kg	Root growth↓ (>100 mg/kg)	^[Citation45]
Zea mays L. cv. TY2	0, 1.0, 10, 50, 100, 200 mg/L	Root growth↓shoot growth↓(>10 mg/L); decreased biomass: (root>shoot)	^[Citation21]
Arabidopsis thaliana	0 to 181 1 mmol F L^−1	Root growth↓(>119.3 ± 29.5 μmol F L^−1) shoot growth↓(>73.7 ± 20.2 μmol F L^−1)	^[Citation9]
Triticum aestivum L.	0, 0.02, 0.2, 2, 20, 200 μg/kg, 2, 20, 200, 800, 1600 mg/kg	Seedling growth root length↑(<0.2 mg/kg) root and shoot growth, germination rate↓(>800 mg/kg)	^[Citation46]
Arabidopsis thaliana; Nicotiana benthamiana	0,15,50,150, 350 mg/kg	Root growth↑ (≤15 mg/kg) Root growth↓ (≥50 mg/kg)	^[Citation52]
Arabidopsis thaliana	20, 50, 100, 200 μmol/L	Chlorophyll content ↓, shoot growth↑ (20, 50, and 100 μmol/L), root growth↓ (20, 50, and 100 μmol/L)	^[Citation43]
Toxic effects on the molecular scale
Arabidopsis thaliana	0 to 181 1 mmol F L^−1	Shoot H2O2↑(362, 725 μmol F L^−1), MDA (362 μmol F L^−1↓ 725 μmol F L^−1↑)	^[Citation9]
Triticum aestivum L.	0, 0.02, 0.2, 2, 20, 200 μg/kg, 2, 20, 200, 800, 1600 mg/kg	Proline content↑(>2 mg/kg), POD activity↑(2, 200, 800 mg/kg), CAT activity↓(>2 mg/kg)	^[Citation46]
Cucumis sativus	0, 0.2, 5 mg/kg in soil	1,2,4-benzenetriol↑, 1-hydroxyanthraquinone↑, glutamic acid↓, glutamine↓, palmitic acid, phenylalanine↓, and proline↓ (amino acid)	^[Citation38]
Lactuca sativa	0, 5, 50 μg/L	Amino acids: Phenylalanine↑, lysine, tryptophan↑; TCA cycle: proline↑, arginine↑, tyrosine↑, soluble proteins(+31.2%)↑ (50 μg/L) citric acid↑, cis-aconitic acid↑, malic acid↑, glucose↓, sucrose↓, trehalose↓(5 μg/L); (Poly)phenols: phenylalanine↑, cinnamic acid↑, p-coumaric acid↑, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid↑, coumarin↑, isoflavonoid↑, flavonoid↑, quercetin↑, flavonol↑; Alkaloids: terpenoid↑, benzylisoquinoline↑, ornithine↓;	^[Citation60]
		ROS:H2O2↑, •OH ↑and •O2^−↑ GSH↑, POD↑ and GPX↑,APX ↑(50 μg/L)
Lactuca sativa	0, 5, 50 μg/L	ROS: H2O2↑; APX↑, POD↑ and GSH↑; Metabolisms of carbon and nitrogen: sucrose↓, glucose↓, fructose-6 phosphate↓, trehalose↓; valine↑, tryptophan↑, glutamate↑, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)↑, threonine↑, lysine↑, methionine↑, mevalonate↑, isoleucine↑; TCA cycle: citric acid↓ and cis-aconitic acid↓; isocitric acid↑, succinic acid↑, fumaric acid↑, malic acid↑; (Poly)phenol: phenylalanine↓, p-coumaric acid↓, naringenin chalcone↓, naringenin↓, 3-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid↓(50 μg/L); shikimate↑; Alkaloid biosynthesis: geranyl diphosphate↓, astaxanthin↓, betulinic acid↓, limonene↑, nootkatone↑, α-farnesene↑, phenylalanine↓	^[Citation39]
Arabidopsis thaliana; Nicotiana benthamiana	0, 15, 50, 150 mg/kg;	POD↑, SOD↑, CAT↑(≤50 mg/kg)	^[Citation52]
	0, 15, 50, 150, 350 mg/kg
Arabidopsis thaliana	0, 20, 50, 100 μmol/L	Shoot: Zn↑, Cu↑, Mn↑, Mg↑(100 μM↓), K↓, Ca↓; root: Zn↓(20,50 μM), K↓(20,50 μM), Fe↑(50,100 μM); SOD↓, APX↓, CAT↓; GSSG↑, total glutathione↑	^[Citation43]
Toxic effects on DNA
Lactuca sativa	500, 5000 ng/L	8-Hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) ↑	^[Citation40]
Arabidopsis thaliana	0, 100 μmol/L	RNA-seq: 443 DEGs↑ and 146 DEGs↓ in shoot; 323 DEGs↑ and 327 DEGs↓ in root; Genes in shoot: CAT2↓, APX1↓, sAPX↓, Fe-SOD↓	^[Citation43]

Note: ↑ represents that the content of biomarkers increased under exposure of PFOA or the growth status of plants was stimulated; ↓ represents that the content of biomarkers decreased under exposure of PFOA or the growth status of plants was inhibited.

Figure1. Phytotoxicity of PFOA to plants in aspects.

Zhao S, Fang S, Zhu L, et al. Mutual impacts of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and earthworms (Eisenia fetida) on the bioavailability of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in soil. Environ Pollut. 2014;184:495–501.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhao S, Fan Z, Sun L, et al. Interaction effects on uptake and toxicity of perfluoroalkyl substances and cadmium in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) from co-contaminated soil. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2017;137:194–201.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Blaine AC, Rich CD, Sedlacko EM, et al. Perfluoroalkyl acid uptake in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) irrigated with reclaimed water. Environ Sci Technol. 2014;48(24):14361–14368.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Huff DK, Morris LA, Sutter L, et al. Accumulation of six PFAS compounds by woody and herbaceous plants: potential for phytoextraction. Int J Phytoremediation. 2020;22(14):1538–1550.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Bizkarguenaga E, Zabaleta I, Mijangos L, et al. Uptake of perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctane sulfonamide by carrot and lettuce from compost amended soil. Sci Total Environ. 2016;571:444–451.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Lee D-Y, Choi G-H, Rho J-H, et al. Comparison of the plant uptake factor of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) from the three different concentrations of PFOA and PFOS in soil to spinach and Welsh onion. J Appl Biol Chem. 2020;63(3):243–248.

 Google Scholar

Mudumbi JB, Ntwampe SK, Muganza M, et al. Susceptibility of riparian wetland plants to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) accumulation. Int J Phytoremediation. 2014;16(7–12):926–936.

 Google Scholar

Mudumbi JBN, Daso AP, Okonkwo OJ, et al. Propensity of Tagetes erecta L., a medicinal plant commonly used in diabetes management, to accumulate pPerfluoroalkyl substances. Toxics. 2019;7(1):1.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Chen CH, Yang SH, Liu Y, et al. Accumulation and phytotoxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoate in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. Environ Pollut. 2020;259:113817.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Garcia-Valcarcel AI, Molero E, Escorial MC, et al. Uptake of perfluorinated compounds by plants grown in nutrient solution. Sci Total Environ. 2014;472:20–26.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Lechner M, Knapp H. Carryover of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from soil to plant and distribution to the different plant compartments studied in cultures of carrots (Daucus carota ssp. Sativus), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), and cucumbers (Cucumis Sativus). J Agric Food Chem. 2011;59(20):11011–11018.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Blaine AC, Rich CD, Sedlacko EM, et al. Perfluoroalkyl acid distribution in various plant compartments of edible crops grown in biosolids-amended soils. Environ Sci Technol. 2014;48(14):7858–7865.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wen B, Wu Y, Zhang H, et al. The roles of protein and lipid in the accumulation and distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in plants grown in biosolids-amended soils. Environ Pollut. 2016;216:682–688.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Abril C, Santos JL, Martin J, et al. Uptake and translocation of multiresidue industrial and household contaminants in radish grown under controlled conditions. Chemosphere. 2021;268:128823.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Felizeter S, Jurling H, Kotthoff M, et al. Influence of soil on the uptake of perfluoroalkyl acids by lettuce: a comparison between a hydroponic study and a field study. Chemosphere. 2020;260:127608.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Xu Y, Du W, Yin Y, et al. CuO nanoparticles modify bioaccumulation of perfluorooctanoic acid in radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Environ Pollutants Bioavailability. 2022;34(1):34–41.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Xiang L, Chen XT, Yu PF, et al. Oxalic acid in root exudates enhances accumulation of perfluorooctanoic acid in lettuce. Environ Sci Technol. 2020;54(20):13046–13055.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Stahl T, Heyn J, Thiele H, et al. Carryover of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from soil to plants. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2009;57(2):289–298.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wen B, Li L, Liu Y, et al. Mechanistic studies of perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoic acid uptake by maize (Zea mays L. cv. TY2). Plant Soil. 2013;370(1–2):345–354.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhang L, Wang Q, Chen H, et al. Uptake and translocation of perfluoroalkyl acids with different carbon chain lengths (C2-C8) in wheat (Triticum acstivnm L.) under the effect of copper exposure. Environ Pollut. 2021;274:116550.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wen B, Li L, Zhang H, et al. Field study on the uptake and translocation of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in biosolids-amended soils. Environ Pollut. 2014;184:547–554.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Dalahmeh S, Tirgani S, Komakech AJ, et al. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water, soil and plants in wetlands and agricultural areas in Kampala, Uganda. Sci Total Environ. 2018;631-632:660–667.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhu H, Kannan K. Distribution and partitioning of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in surface soil, plants, and earthworms at a contaminated site. Sci Total Environ. 2019;647:954–961.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhang L, Sun H, Wang Q, et al. Uptake mechanisms of perfluoroalkyl acids with different carbon chain lengths (C2-C8) by wheat (Triticum acstivnm L.). Sci Total Environ. 2019;654:19–27.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhu J, Wallis I, Guan H, et al. Juncus sarophorus, a native Australian species, tolerates and accumulates PFOS, PFOA and PFHxS in a glasshouse experiment. Sci Total Environ. 2022;826:154184.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wang TT, Ying GG, Shi WJ, et al. Uptake and Translocation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid (PFOS) by Wetland Plants: tissue- and Cell-Level Distribution Visualization with Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (DESI-MS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy Equipped with Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (TEM-EDS). Environ Sci Technol. 2020;54(10):6009–6020.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Gredelj A, Nicoletto C, Valsecchi S, et al. Uptake and translocation of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) in red chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) under various treatments with pre-contaminated soil and irrigation water. Sci Total Environ. 2020;708:134766.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Gredelj A, Nicoletto C, Polesello S, et al. Uptake and translocation of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in hydroponically grown red chicory (Cichorium intybus L.): growth and developmental toxicity, comparison with growth in soil and bioavailability implications. Sci Total Environ. 2020;720:137333.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Li MH. Toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid to plants and aquatic invertebrates. Environ Toxicol. 2009;24(1):95–101.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhao H, Chen C, Zhang X, et al. Phytotoxicity of PFOS and PFOA to Brassica chinensis in different Chinese soils. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2011;74(5):1343–1347.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Yang X, Ye C, Liu Y, et al. Accumulation and phytotoxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Environ Pollut. 2015;206:560–566.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhou L, Xia M, Wang L, et al. Toxic effect of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Chemosphere. 2016;159:420–425.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Fan L, Tang J, Zhang D, et al. Investigations on the phytotoxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020;27(1):1131–1143.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Du W, Liu X, Zhao L, et al. Response of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) to perfluorooctanoic acid in photosynthesis and metabolomics. Sci Total Environ. 2020;724:138257.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Li P, Xiao Z, Xie X, et al. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) changes nutritional compositions in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) leaves by activating oxidative stress. Environ Pollut. 2021;285:117246.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Li P, Li J. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) caused oxidative stress and metabolic disorders in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) root. Sci Total Environ. 2021;770:144726.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Li P, Oyang X, Xie X, et al. Phytotoxicity induced by perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate via metabolomics. J Hazard Mater. 2020;389:121852.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar