Measuring unmet need for contraception among women in rural areas of Papua New Guinea

Figures & data

Figure 1. Surveillance sites: Hides (Hela Province) vs. Asaro (Eastern Highlands Province) in the highlands, Hiri (Central Province) vs. Karkar (Madang Province) in the coastal areas, PNGIMR’s iHDSS, 2016

Figure 2. Analytical framework of unmet need for contraception among women who gave birth in the previous two years, PNGIMR’s iHDSS, 2016

Figure 3. Modern contraceptive method mix of women participants, PNGIMR's iHDSS, 2016

Table 1. Unmet need for contraception among women participants, PNGIMR’s iHDSS, 2016

			N	%
Unmet need for contraception in the previous birth	Women gave birth in last two years	Yes	1434	21.9
		No	2331	35.6
		Total	3765	57.6
		Missing system	2775	42.4
		Total	6540	100.0
	Wanted birth	Yes	895	62.4
		No	488	34.0
		Total	1383	96.4
		Missing system	51	3.6
		Total	1434	100.0
	Type of unmet need for contraception	Spacing	225	47.8
		Limiting	246	52.2
		Total	471	100.0
Unmet need for contraception in currently pregnancy	Have current pregnancy	Yes	80	7.6
		No	977	92.3
		Don’t know	1	0.1
		Total	1058	100.0
	Wanted pregnancy	Yes	47	61.0
		No	30	36.4
		Missing	3	2.6
		Total	80	100.0
	Type of unmet need for contraception	Spacing	20	66.7
		Limiting	10	33.3
		Total	30	100.0
Unmet need for contraception for future family planning	Current use of contraceptive	Yes	326	34.2
		No	627	65.8
		Total	953	100.0
		Missing	318
		Total	1271
	Future family planning	Want another child soon	33	50.8%
		Want no more children	17	26.2%
		Want a child later	15	23.1%
		Total	65	100.0%
		Missing	562
		Total	627
	Type of unmet need for contraception	Spacing	15	46.9%
		Limiting	17	53.1%
		Total	32	100.00%
Total unmet need for contraception	Want a child/ birth/ pregnancy	Yes	975	61.7%
		No	550	34.8%
		Total	1579	100.0%
	Type of unmet need	Spacing	260	48.8%
		Limiting	273	51.2%
		Total	533	100.0%

Table 2. Contraceptive prevalence rate among women, who gave birth in the past 2 years, PNG IMR’s iHDSS, 2016

	Total of women observed	N = 1434	100%
Modern contraceptive methods	Female sterilisation Male sterilisation Intra uterus device (IUD) Injectables Implants Oral pill Male condom Female condom Diaphragm Lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM) Foam / Jelly	30 2 2 129 165 42 32 15 1 1 0	2.1 0.1 0.1 9.0 11.5 2.9 2.2 1.0 0.1 0.1 0
	Total	419	29.2
Traditional contraception method	Periodic abstinence / Rhythm Withdrawal Other	11 10 3	0.8 0.7 0.2
	Total	24	1.7
Contraceptive Prevalence Rate		443	30.9

Table 3. Modern contraceptive prevalence rate among women who gave birth in the past 2 years by surveillance site, PNGIMR’s iHDSS, 2016

		Hiri	Asaro	Karkar	Hides	All sites
Total of women		587	326	296	225	1434
Implant	N	74	12	78	1	165
	%	12.6	3.7	26.4	0.4	11.5
Injectable	N	47	20	43	19	129
	%	8.0	6.1	14.5	8.4	9.0
Oral pill	N	18	14	7	3	42
	%	3.1	4.3	2.4	1.3	2.9
Male condom	N	1	27	4	0	32
	%	0.2	8.3	1.4	0.0	2.2

Table 4. Relative risks with 95% confident interval in generalised linear model predicting probability of unmet need for contraception in the last birth, PNGIMR’s iHDSS, 2016

Factor		N	Per cent	RR	95% CI		Sig.	Adjusted RR	95% CI		Sig. (2-tailed)
					Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper
Surveillance site	Hiri	501	52.0%	.186	−.024	.395	.083	.186	.061	.311	.007
	Asaro	208	21.6%	.352	.157	.548	.000	.352	.238	.455	.001
	Karkar	229	23.8%	.388	.196	.581	.000	.388	.279	.492	.001
	Hides	26	2.7%	0				0
	Total	964	100.0%
Age group	15–19	75	7.8%	.354	.016	.692	.040	.354	−.012	.709	.034
	20–24	251	26.0%	.292	−.030	.613	.076	.292	−.062	.621	.065
	25–29	271	28.1%	.285	−.032	.603	.078	.285	−.082	.609	.070
	30–34	200	20.7%	.235	−.082	.551	.146	.235	−.124	.550	.149
	35–39	104	10.8%	.282	−.040	.604	.086	.282	−.052	.626	.084
	40–44	54	5.6%	.141	−.190	.472	.403	.141	−.219	.496	.390
	45–49	9	.9%	0				0
	Total	964	100.0%
Educational level	Preparatory	17	1.8%	.072	−.278	.422	.688	.072	−.290	.453	.687
	Elementary	18	1.9%	.008	−.339	.355	.963	.008	−.352	.412	.971
	Primary	535	55.5%	−.072	−.343	.200	.604	−.072	−.358	.241	.621
	Lower secondary	328	34.0%	−.059	−.330	.213	.672	−.059	−.350	.249	.667
	Upper secondary	47	4.9%	−.188	−.486	.110	.215	−.188	−.499	.133	.221
	Vocational training	7	.7%	−.255	−.691	.181	.252	−.255	−.701	.217	.247
	College/University	12	1.2%	0				0
	Total	964	100.0%
Marital family status	In marriage	627	65.0%	−.316	−.412	−.220	.000	−.316	−.423	−.216	.001
	In union	216	22.4%	−.269	−.378	−.159	.000	−.269	−.385	−.157	.001
	Not in marriage/Union	121	12.6%	0				0
	Total	964	100.0%
Number of live births	0	28	2.9%	−.131	−.340	.078	.220	−.131	−.332	.072	.206
	1	255	26.5%	−.205	−.348	−.063	.005	−.205	−.348	−.063	.005
	2	227	23.5%	−.151	−.286	−.015	.029	−.151	−.294	−.003	.038
	3	163	16.9%	−.154	−.288	−.020	.025	−.154	−.297	−.018	.028
	4	136	14.1%	−.105	−.239	.028	.123	−.105	−.250	.034	.161
	5	74	7.7%	−.022	−.170	.126	.771	−.022	−.182	.148	.784
	6+	81	8.4%	0				0
	Total	964	100.0%
Household wealth	1st quintile	122	12.7%	−.052	−.200	.095	.489	−.052	−.203	.096	.516
	2nd quintile	178	18.5%	−.131	−.264	.003	.056	−.131	−.263	.003	.060
	3rd quintile	189	19.6%	−.099	−.206	.009	.073	−.099	−.197	−.001	.049
	4th quintile	214	22.2%	−.048	−.133	.038	.276	−.048	−.136	.040	.262
	5th quintile	261	27.1%	0				0
	Total	964	100.0%

Table 5. Unmet need for family planning among married women aged 15–49 in selected countries in Oceania, Population Reference Bureau’s Family Planning Worldwide 2019 Datasheet¹⁴

	Spacing	Limiting	Total	Data source
Kiribati	14.4	15.6	28.0	National Survey 2009
Marshall Islands	3.0	5.0	8.0	National Survey 2007
Nauru	16.4	7.1	23.5	National Survey 2007
PNG	–	–	27.4	National Survey 2006^a
Samoa	16.5	18.3	34.8	National Survey 2014
Solomon Islands	20.0	14.7	34.7	National Survey 2015
Tonga	13.2	12.0	25.2	National Survey 2012
Tuvalu	12.1	12.1	24.2	National Survey 2017
Vanuatu	11.5	12.7	24.2	MICS 2013

^a The DHS 2016 show 26% among married women and 65% among sexually active unmarried women¹⁶.

Table 6. Couple-year of protection among women who gave birth in the past 2 years, PNGIMR’s iHDSS, 2016

Modern contraception methods	No. of contraceptive user^b	Couple-Year of Protection per unit^Citation31	Couple-Year of Protection
Female sterilisation^a	30	10	300
Male sterilisation^a	2	10	20
Intra uterus device (IUD)	2	4.6	9.2
Injectables	129	0.25 (4 doses per CYP)	32.25
Implants	165	2.5	412.5
Oral pill	42	0.067 (15 cycles per CYP)	2.8
Male condom	32	0.08 (120 units per CYP)	2.58
Female condom	15	0.08 (120 units per CYP)	1.2
Diaphragm	1	0.56 (15 units per CYP)	0.56
Lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM)	1	0.25 (4 users per CYP)	0.25
Foam / Jelly	0	0.08 (120 units per CYP)	0.0
Total Couple-Year of Protection			781.34

^a CYP for sterilisation varies by country and by region, based on differences in median age at sterilisation. In this estimation, CYP sterilisation global estimate was used for PNG.

^b Number of contraceptive users is used as an alternative proxy for the quantity of contraceptive methods used.

Family Planning Data Sheet 2019 [Internet]. Population reference bureau. 2019 [cited 2019 Nov 12]. Available from: https://www.prb.org/fpdata/.

 Google Scholar

National Statistics Office. Papua New Guinea demographic and health survey 2016–18: key indicators report. Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea): National Statistics Office; 2019.

 Google Scholar

Measure Evaluation. Family planning and reproductive indicators database: measure evaluation; 2020 [updated 6 May 2020]. Available from: https://www.measureevaluation.org/prh/rh_indicators/family-planning/fp/cyp.

 Google Scholar