A survey of Canadian men’s mental health in the workplace

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of study participants (N = 451)

Characteristic	n (%)
Age
18–24 years	20 (4.4)
25–35 years	73 (16.2)
36–50 years	117 (25.9)
51–64 years	160 (35.5)
65+ years	81 (18.0)
Sexuality
Heterosexual	392 (86.9)
Gay/bisexual/other	59 (13.1)
Education
Some or all High School	47 (10.4)
Diploma or Certificate	101 (22.4)
Some College	69 (15.3)
Bachelor’s Degree	149 (33.0)
Post Graduate Degree	85 (18.8)
Relationship status
Single	108 (23.9)
Married/In a relationship	343 (76.1)
Employment status
Full time	315 (69.8)
Part time	136 (30.2)
Income ($CAD)
<50,000	157 (34.8)
≥50,000	294 (65.2)
Male-dominated work environment
Not at all	163 (36.1)
Somewhat	116 (25.7)
Moderately	78 (17.3)
A lot	59 (13.1)
Completely	35 (7.8)

Table 2. Men’s mental health indicators

Variable	Mean (SD)	Response Item, n (%)
General health	–	Poor	Fair	Good	Very Good	Excellent
		15 (3.3)	63 (14.0)	180 (39.9)	145 (32.2)	48 (10.6)
Depression	5.65 (5.94)	None to minimal	Mild	Moderate	Moderately severe	Severe
		247 (54.8)	103 (22.8)	61 (13.5)	20 (4.4)	20 (4.4)
Somatic symptoms	7.03 (5.61)	None to minimal	Low	Medium	High	Very high
		144 (31.9)	135 (29.9)	78 (17.3)	52 (11.5)	42 (9.3)
Suicidal/self-injury ideation	–	Not at all	Several days	More than half the days	Nearly every day
		369 (81.8)	51 (11.3)	17 (3.8)	14 (3.1)
Anxiety	4.31 (4.86)	None to minimal	Mild	Moderate	Severe
		292 (64.7)	97 (21.5)	37 (8.2)	25 (5.5)
Anger	10.82 (4.24)	None to slight	Mild	Moderate	Severe
		291 (64.5)	90 (20.0)	63 (14.0)	7 (1.6)
Loneliness	4.69 (1.83)	No	Yes
		314 (69.6)	137 (30.4)
Hazardous drinking	2.88 (2.34)	No	Yes
		287 (63.6)	164 (36.4)

Table 3. Zero-order correlations between personal characteristics and mental health indicators

	Age	Personal income	Employment status	Male-dominated workplace	Distress concealment
Depression	−.181***	−.026	−.029	.121*	.359***
Suicidal/self-injury ideation	−.195***	−.077	−.038	−.039	.228***
Hopelessness	−.078	−.139**	−.052	.010	.218***
Somatic symptoms	−.014	−.042	.022	.129**	.268***
Anxiety	−.199***	−.022	−.023	.059	.326***
Hazardous drinking	−.066	.162***	−.011	.051	.050
Loneliness	−.214***	−.088	−.020	.009	.327***
Anger	−.135**	−.052	−.055	.054	.338***

Note. N = 451; *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

Table 4. Mental health indicators among men who experienced bullying, physical violence, threats of violence, and/or sexual harassment at work in the last 12 months

	Bullying, physical violence, threats of violence, and/or sexual harassment at work in the last 12 months
	Yes (n=97)	No (n=354)
	M (SD)	M (SD)	F	t	p-value	Cohen’s d
Depression	9.38 (7.04)	4.63 (5.18)	21.21	6.20	<.001	.84
Suicidal/self-injury ideation	0.60 (0.93)	0.19 (0.57)	62.29	4.06	<.001	.66
Anxiety	6.98 (5.48)	3.58 (4.41)	9.81	5.63	<.001	.73
Hazardous Drinking	3.25 (2.80)	2.78 (2.20)	8.27	1.51	.13	.20
Hopelessness	5.20 (2.44)	4.63 (2.06)	9.77	2.09	.04	.26
Somatic symptoms	10.81 (6.76)	5.99 (4.76)	29.80	6.59	<.001	.92
Loneliness	5.26 (1.99)	4.53 (1.75)	3.70	3.52	<.001	.40
Anger	12.84 (4.62)	10.27 (3.97)	3.86	5.45	<.001	.63
Burnout frequency	3.16 (1.95)	1.92 (1.62)	8.49	5.75	<.001	.73