A survey of Canadian men’s mental health in the workplace

References

• 4dayweek.com. (2023). The Four Day Week. https://www.4dayweek.com/us-ireland-results
   Google Scholar
• Ahola, K. (2007). Occupational burnout and health.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, D., Hines, E. W., Pazdernik, V., Konecny, L. T., & Breitenbach, E. (2018). Four-year review of presenteeism data among employees of a large United States health care system: A retrospective prevalence study. Human Resources for Health, 16(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-018-0321-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnett, R. C., Marshall, N. L., & Pleck, J. H. (1992). Men’s multiple roles and their relationship to men’s psychological distress. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54(2), 358–367. https://doi.org/10.2307/353067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BC Stats. (2022). Population extrapolation for organizational planning with less error (PEOPLE) 2021. Office of the Provincial Health Officer.
   Google Scholar
• Berdahl, J. L., Cooper, M., Glick, P., Livingston, R. W., & Williams, J. C. (2018). Work as a masculinity contest. Journal of Social Issues, 74(3), 422–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boettcher, N., Mitchell, J., Lashewicz, B., Jones, E., Wang, J., Gundu, S. & Lam, R. (2019). Men’s work-related stress and mental health: Illustrating the workings of masculine role norms. American Journal of Men’s Health, 13(2), 1557988319838416. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988319838416
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burr, H., Berthelsen, H., Moncada, S., Nübling, M., Dupret, E., Demiral, Y. & Navarro, A. (2019). The third version of the Copenhagen psychosocial questionnaire. Safety and Health at Work, 10(4), 482–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2019.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, K., Kivlahan, D. R., McDonell, M. B., Fihn, S. D., Bradley, K. A., & Project, A. C. Q. I. (1998). The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): An effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158(16), 1789–1795. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.158.16.1789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrière, Y., & Mérette, M. (2021). Population aging and worklife duration: Myths and realities in the Canadian context. Available at SSRN 3960378.
   Google Scholar
• Cassino, D., & Besen-Cassino, Y. (2022). Men at (home) work: Masculinity and the second shift during COVID-19. Journal for Cultural Research, 26(1), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/14797585.2021.1993749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, D. W., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Oliffe, J. L., Kealy, D., Rice, S. M., & Kahn, J. H. (2020). Distress concealment and depression symptoms in a national sample of Canadian men: Feeling understood and loneliness as sequential mediators. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 208(6), 510–513. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demerouti, E., Le Blanc, P. M., Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., & Hox, J. (2009). Present but sick: A three‐wave study on job demands, presenteeism and burnout. Career Development International.
   Google Scholar
• Doshi, J. A., Cen, L., & Polsky, D. (2008). Depression and retirement in late middle‐aged US workers. Health Services Research, 43(2), 693–713. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00782.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, L., Burnell, M., Salter, L. C., Fourkala, E.-O., Kalsi, J., Ryan, A. & Menon, U. (2014). Identifying hopelessness in population research: A validation study of two brief measures of hopelessness. BMJ Open, 4(5), e005093. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gierk, B., Kohlmann, S., Kroenke, K., Spangenberg, L., Zenger, M., Brähler, E., & Löwe, B. (2014). The somatic symptom scale–8 (SSS-8): A brief measure of somatic symptom burden. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(3), 399–407. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottert, A., Shattuck, D., Pulerwitz, J., Betron, M., McLarnon, C., Wilkins, J. D., & Tseng, T.-Y. (2022). Meeting men’s mental health needs during COVID-19 and beyond: A global health imperative. BMJ Global Health, 7(4), e008297. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hergenrather, K. C., Zeglin, R. J., McGuire-Kuletz, M., & Rhodes, S. D. (2015). Employment as a social determinant of health: A review of longitudinal studies exploring the relationship between employment status and mental health. Rehabilitation Research, Policy, and Education, 29(3), 261–290. https://doi.org/10.1891/2168-6653.29.3.261
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies. Research on Aging, 26(6), 655–672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027504268574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, J. H., Hucke, B. E., Bradley, A. M., Glinski, A. J., & Malak, B. L. (2012). The distress disclosure index: A research review and multitrait–multimethod examination. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(1), 134. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Barber, C., Beck, A., Berglund, P., Cleary, P. D., McKenas, D. & Ustun, T. B. (2003). The world health organization health and work performance questionnaire (HPQ). Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45(2), 156–174. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000052967.43131.51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keum, B. T., Oliffe, J. L., Rice, S. M., Kealy, D., Seidler, Z. E., Cox, D. W. & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2023). Distress disclosure and psychological distress among men: The role of feeling understood and loneliness. Current Psychology, 42(13), 10533–10542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02163-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilian, R., Müller-Stierlin, A., Söhner, F., Beschoner, P., Gündel, H., Staiger, T. & Panzirsch, M. (2020). Masculinity norms and occupational role orientations in men treated for depression. Plos One, 15(5), e0233764. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilmartin, C. (2007). The masculine self (3 ed.). Sloan.
   Google Scholar
• Kimmel, M. (2008). Guyland: The perilous world where boys become men. Harper Collins.
   Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ‐9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lashewicz, B., Mitchell, J., Boettcher, N., Jones, E., & Wang, J. (2020). You better be as stressed as I am: Working men’s mental health amidst workplace expectations for busyness. Work, 66(3), 645–656. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-203207
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, N. K., Roche, A., Duraisingam, V., Fischer, J. A., & Cameron, J. (2014). Effective interventions for mental health in male-dominated workplaces. Mental Health Review Journal, 19(4), 237–250. https://doi.org/10.1108/MHRJ-09-2014-0034
   Google Scholar
• Lennox, R., Sharar, D. A., Goehner, D. B., & Shmitz, E. (2018). Validation of the 5-item short form version of the workplace outcome suite©. International Journal of Health & Productivity.
   Google Scholar
• Mahalik, J. R., & Dagirmanjian, F. R. (2019). Working-class men’s constructions of help-seeking when feeling depressed or sad. American Journal of Men’s Health, 13(3), 1557988319850052. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988319850052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1997). Maslach burnout inventory. Scarecrow Education.
   Google Scholar
• Milner, A., Kavanagh, A., King, T., & Currier, D. (2018). The influence of masculine norms and occupational factors on mental health: Evidence from the baseline of the Australian longitudinal study on male health. American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(4), 696–705. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988317752607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliffe, J. L., Bottorff, J. L., Sharp, P., Caperchione, C. M., Johnson, S. T., Healy, T. & Errey, S. (2017). Healthy eating and active living: Rural-based working men’s perspectives. American Journal of Men’s Health, 11(6), 1664–1672. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988315619372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliffe, J. L., & Han, C. S. (2014). Beyond workers’ compensation: Men’s mental health in and out of work. American Journal of Men’s Health, 8(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988313490786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilkonis, P. A., Choi, S. W., Reise, S. P., Stover, A. M., Riley, W. T., Cella, D., & Group, P. C. (2011). Item banks for measuring emotional distress from the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS®): Depression, anxiety, and anger. Assessment, 18(3), 263–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191111411667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, S., White, A., Gough, B., Robinson, R., Seims, A., Raine, G., & Hanna, E. (2015). Promoting mental health and wellbeing with men and boys: What works?.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, S., Williams, B., & Oliffe, J. (2016). The case for retaining a focus on“Masculinities”. International Journal of Men’s Health, 15(1).
   Google Scholar
• Roche, A. M., Pidd, K., Fischer, J. A., Lee, N., Scarfe, A., & Kostadinov, V. (2016). Men, work, and mental health: A systematic review of depression in male-dominated industries and occupations. Safety and Health at Work, 7(4), 268–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2016.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruxton, S., & Burrell, S. (2020). Masculinities and COVID-19: Making the connections. Promundo-US.
   Google Scholar
• Salvagioni, D. A. J., Melanda, F. N., Mesas, A. E., González, A. D., Gabani, F. L., & Andrade, S. M. D. (2017). Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies. Plos One, 12(10), e0185781. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaufeli, W. B. (2017). Burnout: A short socio-cultural history. Burnout, Fatigue, Exhaustion: An Interdisciplinary Perspective on a Modern Affliction, 105–127.
   Google Scholar
• Seaton, C. L., Bottorff, J. L., Jones-Bricker, M., Oliffe, J. L., DeLeenheer, D., & Medhurst, K. (2017). Men’s mental health promotion interventions: A scoping review. American Journal of Men’s Health, 11(6), 1823–1837. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988317728353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seaton, C. L., Bottorff, J. L., Oliffe, J. L., Medhurst, K., & DeLeenheer, D. (2019). Mental health promotion in male-dominated workplaces: Perspectives of male employees and workplace representatives. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 20(4), 541. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp, P., Zhu, P., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Seidler, Z. E., Wilson, M. J., Fisher, K., & Oliffe, J. L. (2023). “Hey Amir, how are you REALLY doing?”: Participant perspectives of a peer-based suicide prevention campaign for men. American Journal of Men’s Health, 17(5), 15579883231209189. https://doi.org/10.1177/15579883231209189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoman, Y., El May, E., Marca, S. C., Wild, P., Bianchi, R., Bugge, M. D. & Godderis, L. (2021). Predictors of occupational burnout: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9188. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, G. E., Rutter, C. M., Peterson, D., Oliver, M., Whiteside, U., Operskalski, B., & Ludman, E. J. (2013). Does response on the PHQ-9 Depression Questionnaire predict subsequent suicide attempt or suicide death? Psychiatric Services, 64(12), 1195–1202. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201200587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stansfeld, S., & Candy, B. (2006). Psychosocial work environment and mental health—a meta-analytic review. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 32(6), 443–462. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statista. (2023). Average House Prices in British Columbia, Canada from 2018 to 2022, with a Forecast Until 2024. https://www.statista.com/statistics/604245/median-house-prices-british-columbia/#:~:text=The%20average%20house%20price%20in,dollars%20in%20the%20following%20year
   Google Scholar
• Thombs, B. D., Kwakkenbos, L., Levis, A. W., & Benedetti, A. (2018). Addressing overestimation of the prevalence of depression based on self-report screening questionnaires. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal de l’Association Medicale Canadienne, 190(2), E44–E49. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.170691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walther, A., Grub, J., Tsar, S., Ehlert, U., Heald, A., Perrin, R. & Kealy, D. (2023). Status loss due to COVID-19, traditional masculinity, and their association with recent suicide attempts and suicidal ideation. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 24(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000408
   Google Scholar
• Woo, J.-M., & Postolache, T. T. (2008). The impact of work environment on mood disorders and suicide: Evidence and implications. International Journal on Disability and Human Development: IJDHD, 7(2), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijdhd.2008.7.2.185
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang, Y., & Hayes, J. A. (2020). Causes and consequences of burnout among mental health professionals: A practice-oriented review of recent empirical literature. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill), 57(3), 426. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar