A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemical Profiling in Mushrooms: Occurrence, Biological Activities, Applications and Future Prospective

Figures & data

Figure 1. Some common commercially cultivated mushroom species: a. Agaricus bisporus; b. Lentinus edodes; c. Auricularia polytricha; d. Pleurotus ostreatus; e. Pleurotus eryngii; f. Flammulina velutipes.

Table 1. Nutrient composition and energy composition of some mushroom species (modified from Rizzo et al.^[8]).

Species	Energy (kcal)	Fat (g)	Protein (g)	Carbohydrate (g)	Fiber (g)
	Per 100 g	Per 100 g	Per 100 g	Per 100 g	Per 100 g
Agaricus bisporus (brown)	22	0.1	2.5	4.3	0.6
Agaricus bisporus (white)	22	0.34	3.09	3.26	1
Agaricus bisporus (portobello)	22	0.35	2.11	3.87	1.3
Cantharellus cibarius	32	0.53	1.49	6.86	3.8
Flammulina velutipes	37	0.29	2.66	7.81	2.7
Grifola frondosa	31	0.19	1.94	6.97	2.7
Morchella esculenta	31	0.57	3.12	5.1	2.8
Pleurotus ostreatus	33	0.41	3.31	6.09	2.3
Lentinula edodes	34	0.49	2.24	6.79	2.5

Figure 2. Four major classes of phenolic compounds and their chemical structures: (A) phenolic acid-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, (B) phenolic acid-hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, (C) flavonoid compounds, (D) tannins.

Table 2. The phenolic acids and flavonoids in some mushroom species.

Mushroom species	Phenolic compounds	Refer.
Agaricus bisporus	Gallic acid, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, Gentisic acid, Homogentisic acid, Myricetin, Protocatechuic acid, Pyrogallol, 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, Catechin, Gallo-catechin, Cinnamic acid, 4-Feruloylquinic acid, 5-Feruloylquinic acid, 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, Fumaric acid, 6,7-Dihydroxy coumarin, Rosmarinic acid, trans-Cinnamic acid, Coumarin.	^[Citation34,Citation38,Citation42]
Boletus edulis	p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, Gallic acid, 4-Hydroxy phenylacetic acid, Protocatechuic acid, Caffeic acid, Catechin, Chlorogenic acid, Gallo-catechin, p-Coumaric acid, Sinapic acid, o-Coumaric acid, Cinnamic acid, 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, Gentisinic acid, Homogentisinic acid, Myricetin, Protocatechuic acid.	^[Citation34]
Cantharellus cibarius	4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, Protocatechuic acid, Catechin, Gallo-catechin, p-Coumaric acid, Cinnamic acid, 3-Feruloylquinic acid, 4-Feruloylquinic acid, 5-Feruloylquinic acid, 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid.	^[Citation57]
Pleurotus ostreatus	p-Coumaric acid, Ferulic acid, Gallic acid, Gentisic acid, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, Homogentisic acid, Myricetin, Protocatechuic acid, 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, Catechin, Gallo-catechin, Cinnamic acid, 5-Feruloylquinic acid, 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, Fumaric acid, Catechin hydrate, Ellagic acid, Rosmarinic acid, trans-Cinnamic acid.	^[Citation57,Citation58] ^[Citation42] ^[Citation34]

Table 3. The biological activity of some mushroom species (modified from Anusiya et al.^[9]).

Botanical Name	Geography	Uses	Refer.
Agaricus bisporus	Europe and North America	AT, AO, AV, HC, HG, AB, AA, AP, PP	^[Citation145]
Agaricus blazei	Brazil, China and Japan	AS, HP, HL, AD, DER, AT, IST	^[Citation146,Citation147]
Auricularia auricula-judae	China and Australia	AO, AT, HOL, ACO, IMD	^[Citation148]
Auricularia polytricha	India and China	AT, AHC	^[Citation149,Citation150]
Boletus edulis	Europe, Asia, North America, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Brazil	AN, AO	^[Citation151,Citation152]
Calvatia gigantea	Britain, Ireland, and North America	AO, AT, ABI, AV, AB	^[Citation153,Citation154]
Cantharellus cibarius	France, Britain and India	HP, AM, AO, AHS, AI, NP	^[Citation155,Citation156]
Cortinarius caperatus	Northern regions of Europe and North America.	AF, AO, AV	^[Citation157]
Craterellus cornucopioides	North America, Europe, Japan, and Korea	AO, AHG, AI, AM, IMD	^[Citation158,Citation159]
Craterellus tubaeformis	Northern America, Europe, and Asia	AI, AO	^[Citation160,Citation161]
Flammulina velutipes	China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan	AO, AC, AHT, AM, IMD, HP	^[Citation162,Citation163]
Ganoderma lucidum	Malaysia, China, Japan and South Korea	AO, AT, AAN, CP	^[Citation164]
Grifola frondosa	Japan, China Europe and North America	AO, AD, AT, IMD, AM, HP	^[Citation165]
Hericium erinaceus	Britain, Europe, central and southern France, North America	ACG, ABI, AD, AFT, AHT, AHL, CP, HP, NFP, NP	^[Citation166,Citation167]
Hypsizygus tessellatus	Europe, North America and Australia	AO, AI, AAL, AT, AB, AF, AO, IMD	^[Citation168,Citation169]
Lentinula edodes	Asia, China and Japan	AF, AB, AT, CYT, APO, AO	^[Citation170,Citation171]
Lactarius deliciosus	Europe, North America, Central America, Australia, and New Zealand	AB, AF, CYT, AI, INS, NMT, AO, AT, IMD	^[Citation134,Citation172]
Morchella esculenta	North America, North Canada, and India	AO, IMD, AT, AF, HP	^[Citation173,Citation174]
Phellinus linteus	Japan, China, Korea and India	AI, AT, IMD, AD, AF	^[Citation175]
Phellinus rimosus	Eastern and North America	AO, AI, NP, AHET	^[Citation176]
Pleurotus eryngii	Europe, West Asia and North Africa	TP, AT, AM	^[Citation22]
Piptoporus betulinus	Europe, North America and Asia	AV, AT, CUSH	^[Citation177,Citation178]
Pleurotus ostreatus/Pleurotus pulmonaris	Worldwide	IMD, AT, AHG, AO, AV, AB, AF	^[Citation179]
Russula delica	Europe and Asia	AI, AO, AP, AV	^[Citation180]
Schizophyllum commune	Northeast India	AT, IMD, AO, AF, APL, AV	^[Citation181,Citation182]
Stropharia rugoso annulata	Europe North America, Australia, and New Zealand.	AHG, AO, AB, HG	^[Citation183]
Tricholoma matsutake	Asia, Europe North America Japan, Korea, and China	IST, AO, AT, AM	^[Citation184,Citation185]
Tremella fuciformis	Asia, America, sub-Saharan Africa, southern and eastern Asia, Australia, and Pacific Islands.	HG, HC, AO, AI	^[Citation186,Citation187]

AA: Anti-aromatase; AAL: Anti-allergic; AAN: Anti-aromatase; AB: Antibacterial; ABI: Antibiotic; AC: Anticancer; ACG: Anticarcinogenic; ACO: Anticoagulant; AD: Anti-diabetic; AF: Antifungal; AFT: Antifatigue; AHC: Anti-hypercholesterolemic; AHET: Antihepatotoxic; AHG: Anti-hyperglycemic; AHL: Anti-hyperlipodemic; AHS: Anti-hypersensitive; AHT: Antihypertensive; AI: Anti-inflammatory; AM: Antimicrobial; AN: Anti-neoplastic; AO: Antioxidant; AP: Anti-proliferative; APL: Antineoplastic; AP: Apoptosis; O: Atherosclerosis; AS: Anti-tumor; AT: Antiviral; AV; CP: Cardioprotective; CUSH: Cosmetic use on skin and hair; CYT: Cytotoxic; DER: Dermatitis; HC: Hypocholesterolemic; HG: Hypoglycemic; HL: Hyperlipidemia; HOL: Hypolipidemic; HP: Hepatoprotective; IMD: Immunomodulatory; INS: Insecticidal; IST: Immunostimulatory; NFP: Nephroprotective; NMT: Nematocidal; NP: Neuroprotective; PP: Proapoptotic; TP: Therapeutic

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