The Hull of Yenikapı Shipwreck YK 11: a 7th‐century merchant vessel from Constantinople's Theodosian Harbour

Figures & data

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Table 1. Radiocarbon analysis results for shipwreck YK 11. All samples analysed by The University of Georgia, Center for Applied Isotope Studies. Dates calculated using OxCal 4.2

Piece Sampled	Original or Repair	δ13C,‰	14C age, years BP	±	From	To	%	From	To	%
Keel 1	Original	−25.2	1440	20	607	641	68.2	581	650	95.4
Keel 2	Original	−25.9	1410	20	621	654	68.2	605	659	95.4
Keel 3*	Original	−27.2	1380	20	645	662	68.2	619	672	95.4
FR 16 Stbd*	Original	−27	1420	20	616	649	68.2	601	656	95.4
FR 22*	Original	−23.9	1400	20	633	659	68.2	611	662	95.4
Stbd plank 3‐3	Original	−25.3	1440	20	607	641	68.2	581	650	95.4
FR 3	Repair	−27.5	1280	20	684	768	68.2	675	773	95.4
FR 7*	Repair	−27.2	1270	20	689	771	68.2	678	776	95.4
Port plank 2‐3	Repair	−25	1430	20	612	645	68.2	592	655	95.4
Limber strake	Unclear	−24.5	1300	20	669	766	68.2	663	771	95.4
Stanchion block 3	Unclear	−24.2	1290	20	676	767	68.2	667	773	95.4

* Results previously published in Pulak et al., 2015: table 2.

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Table 2. Summary of the YK 11 Catalogue

Keel	Tripartite, of Quercus cerris; sided 93–122mm, moulded 160–222mm. Scarf keys of Pinus nigra and Quercus cerris.
Planking	Primarily of Pinus brutia with two graving (small repair) pieces of Cupressus sempervirens; average thickness 20–25mm; edge‐joined with unpegged oak tenons below the waterline; 28 of 47 planks had been replaced; replacement planks lack edge fasteners; 11 graving pieces; two half‐log pine wales preserved on port side, 50–80mm thick.
Frames	Primarily of Pinus brutia (70%), also of Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Pinus nigra, Quercus cerris, Tamarix [X5], and Ulmus campestris; framing pattern of alternating floor timbers and paired half‐frames, with unconnected futtocks extending up the sides; all framing attached to keel with iron nails or iron bolts; average room and space, c.0.31m; average dimensions 0.90m sided, 0.10m moulded; frames attached to planks with short iron nails.
Interior scantlings	Stemson of Ulmus campestris, nailed to framing; sternson of Pinus brutia, bolted through frames to keel; ten stringers in seven strakes, of Pinus brutia and Cupressus sempervirens, average thickness 29–47mm; ten common ceiling planks, of Cupressus sempervirens, Acer pseudoplatanus, Pinus brutia, Quercus cerris, and Fagus orientalis, average thickness 25mm; two sills of Pinus brutia, blocking open spaces between frames; six stanchion blocks in three pairs along ship's centreline, of Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus brutia, and Pinus nigra; bulkhead partition consisting of a slotted frame, attached to sternson and ceiling, with four planks, all elements of Pinus brutia, with one plank of Fraxinus excelsior; through‐beam of Cupressus sempervirens, found loose, notched for wales.

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Table 3. Dimensions of YK 11 keel timbers at well‐preserved areas

Keel Timber	Length (m)	Moulded Dimensions (mm)	Sided Dimensions (mm)	Sided Dimensions, Inner Face (mm)
Keel 1	1.67	160–192	93–108	87–104
Keel 2	4.02	179–222	111–122	100–111
Keel 3	2.82*	168–190	95–103	94–99

* The forward end of Keel 3 was not preserved; the length measurement is not original.

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Table 4. Overview of YK 11 planking

Plank Number	Type	Length (m)	No. of Pieces	Maximum Width (mm)	Minimum Thickness (mm)	Maximum Thickness (mm)
S 1	Replacement	6.09	2	173	21	31
S 2‐1	Replacement	3.34	1	223	20	27
S 2‐2	Replacement	3.36	1	175	19	25
S 2‐3	Graving Piece	0.37	1	40	20	24
S 2‐4	Replacement	4.85	1	240	21	33
S 3‐1	Replacement	2.53	3	232	20	27
S 3‐2	Replacement	5.90	2	246	23	29
S 3‐3	Orig. (Edge‐Fastened)	2.90*	1	209	20	24
S 4‐1	Replacement	4.02	4	213	23	28
S 4‐2	Orig. (Edge‐Fastened)	3.43*	1	207	21	25
S 5‐1	Replacement	2.98	1	267	24	30
S 5‐2	Replacement	2.62	1	190	21	26
S 5‐3 (UM 45)	Graving Piece	0.46	2	72	20	24
S 6	Replacement (?)	1.03*	1	N/A	21	26
S 6A (BH 1)	Replacement	0.94	1	131	19	26
P 1	Replacement	5.92	3	199	19	27
P 2‐1	Replacement	3.54	1	205	20	25
P 2‐2	Replacement	3.48	1	206	19	24
P 2‐3	Replacement	4.66	1	334	22	29
P 2‐4	Graving Piece	0.27	1	57	20	30
P 3‐1	Replacement	4.87	1	312	19	30
P 3‐2	Replacement	3.48	1	180	21	24
P 3‐3	Graving Piece	0.64	1	72	22	23
P 3‐4	Replacement	1.68	2	134	18	24
P 3‐5	Orig. (Edge‐Fastened)	2.73*	1	202	20	23
P 3‐6	Graving Piece	0.52	1	64	24	29
P 4‐1	Replacement	3.49	1	190	19	24
P 4‐2	Orig. (Edge‐Fastened)	3.27*	1	198	20	22
P 5‐1	Replacement	3.30	6	156	18	22
P 5‐2	Replacement	2.04	1	148	22	24
P 5‐3	Graving Piece	0.57	1	58	21	24
P 5‐4	Orig. (Edge‐Fastened)	3.87	2	149	19	26
P 6‐1	Replacement	3.49	1	163	20	25
P 6‐2	Replacement	0.68	4	95	20	25
P 6‐3	Graving Piece	0.32	1	35	23	24
P 6‐4	Replacement	1.12	1	106	20	25
P 6‐5	Unclear	0.29	1	22	22	23
P 7‐1	Orig. (Edge‐Fastened)	2.22	1	157	18	21
P 7‐2	Replacement	2.00	1	172	21	25
P 7‐3	Orig. (Edge‐Fastened)	4.05	2	135	18	22
P 7‐4	Orig. (Edge‐Fastened)	4.73*	2	128	19	23
P 7‐5	Graving Piece	0.36	1	95	25	25
P 7‐6 (UM 31)	Replacement	0.69	1	162	23	24
P 8‐1	Orig. (Edge‐Fastened)	3.89	1	196	18	22
P 8‐2	Graving Piece	0.39	1	61	21	25
P 8‐3	Orig. (Edge‐Fastened)	4.11*	1	147	19	24
P 9‐1	Replacement (?)	1.85	1	166	23	28
P 9‐2	Replacement	1.71	1	119	25	31
P 9‐3	Orig. (Edge‐Fastened)	4.97	5	168	19	22
P 10‐1	Original (?)	4.12	1	138	19	25
P 10‐2	Graving Piece	0.43	3	46	21	24
P 10‐3	Graving Piece	0.32	1	60	19	22
P 10‐4	Original	1.94*	1	125	20	22
P 12‐1	Original (?)	0.95	3	87	20	26
P 12‐2	Unclear	0.51	1	93	14	18
P 12‐3	Unclear	0.53	1	86	18	19
P 12‐4	Original	1.99	1	90	17	23
P 12‐5	Original (?)	1.84*	6	97	20	25
Average				148	20	25

* designates lengths that are not original.

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Table 5. Dimensions of YK 11 framing

Type of frame	Number Preserved	Min. orig. L (m)	Max. orig. L (m)	Min. avg. sided (mm)	Max. avg. sided (mm)	Min. avg. moulded (mm)	Max. avg. moulded (mm)
Floor timbers	13	1.24	2.38	74	99	74	123
Half‐frames	14	0.98	1.98	74	91	71	99
Floor‐timber (first) futtocks	5	0.89	1.15	65	87	63	96
Half‐frame (second) futtocks	4	0.81	0.92	71	85	70	81
Reinforcement frame	1	–	0.45	–	112	–	60

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Table 6. Dimensions of YK 11 Stanchion Blocks

Stanchion Block No.	Wood Species	Length (mm)	Maximum Sided Dimension (mm)	Maximum Moulded Dimension (mm)	Location
S‐Block 1	Cupressus sempervirens	965	176	40	Aft Port
S‐Block 2	Cupressus sempervirens	732	110	50	Aft Starboard
S‐Block 3	Cupressus sempervirens	665	156	106	Mid Port
S‐Block 4	Pinus nigra	620	184	108	Mid Starboard
S‐Block 5	Pinus brutia	960	128	48	Forward Port
S‐Block 6	Pinus brutia	958	165	51	Forward Starboard

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Table 7. Principal dimensions of YK 11 based on digital reconstruction

Category	Metres	Byzantine Feet*
Overall hull length	11.23	35.96
Length between perpendiculars	10.80	34.58
Length on load waterline (overall)	9.27	29.68
Length on load waterline (moulded)	8.79	28.15
Length of keel (flat portion)	3.92	12.55
Breadth, maximum	3.76	12.04
Breadth, moulded	3.68	11.78
Breadth, moulded at load waterline	3.22	10.31
Draft at full load	1.01	3.23
Draft, moulded	0.84	2.69

* The Byzantine foot used here is equal to 312mm (Schilbach, 1970: 16).

Table 8. Weights and proportions of YK 11 based on digital reconstruction

Displacement at load waterline (LWL, 50mm above WL 3 in ship's lines)	11.36 metric tonnes
Freeboard at LWL (est.)	0.77m
Estimated weight of hull and its gear	3.5 metric tonnes
Estimated tonnage	7.86 metric tonnes (approx. 1200 modii)
Length/breadth ratio (topside)	2.9:1
Length/breadth ratio (load waterline)	2.7:1
Waterplane area	20.82m^2
Waterplane coefficient*	0.74
Midship coefficient*	0.68
Block coefficient*	0.44
Prismatic coefficient*	0.65

* Steffy (1994: 254–255) defines the coefficients as follows: Waterplane coefficient: Ratio between the area of the hull's waterplane and the rectangle that bounds it; Midship coefficient: Ratio of the moulded area of the immersed midship section at full load to the area of a rectangle that bounds it; Block coefficient: Relationship between the displacement volume of a hull and that of a block whose volume is the product of the draft, beam, and waterline length; Prismatic coefficient: Relationship between the displacement volume of the hull and that of a prism whose sides are equal to the full‐load waterline length, using moulded dimensions throughout.

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