Sequence-Specific Transcriptional Repression by KS1, a Multiple-Zinc-Finger–Krüppel-Associated Box Protein

Abstract

The vertebrate genome contains a large number of Krüppel-associated box–zinc finger genes that encode 10 or more C₂-H₂ zinc finger motifs. Members of this gene family have been proposed to function as transcription factors by binding DNA through their zinc finger region and repressing gene expression via the KRAB domain. To date, however, no Krüppel-associated box–zinc finger protein (KRAB-ZFP) and few proteins with 10 or more zinc finger motifs have been shown to bind DNA in a sequence-specific manner. Our laboratory has recently identified KS1, a member of the KRAB-ZFP family that contains 10 different C₂-H₂ zinc finger motifs, 9 clustered at the C terminus with an additional zinc finger separated by a short linker region. In this study, we used a random oligonucleotide binding assay to identify a 27-bp KS1 binding element (KBE). Reporter assays demonstrate that KS1 represses the expression of promoters containing this DNA sequence. Deletion and site-directed mutagenesis reveal that KS1 requires nine C-terminal zinc fingers and the KRAB domain for transcriptional repression through the KBE site, whereas the isolated zinc finger and linker region are dispensable for this function. Additional biochemical assays demonstrate that the KS1 KRAB domain interacts with the KAP-1 corepressor, and mutations that abolish this interaction alleviate KS1-mediated transcriptional repression. Thus, this study provides the first direct evidence that a KRAB-ZFP binds DNA to regulate gene expression and provides insight into the mechanisms used by multiple-zinc-finger proteins to recognize DNA sequences.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to Jim Tarara and the Mayo Optical Morphology and Flow Cytometry Core Facility for the use of that facility. We also thank Joseph Bonventre for the generous gift of the HA–KAP-1 construct and Ralph Witzgall for the kind gift of the HA–Kid-1 construct. In addition, we are grateful to Karen Hedin, Tiffany Cook, Vijay Shah, Joaquim Culi, and Richard Mann for their critical comments on the manuscript.

This work was supported by the Mayo Cancer Center and grants from the Charlotte Geyer Foundation and the National Institutes of Health (grant DK5660) to R.U.