Carbohydrate mouth rinsing has no effect on power output during cycling in a glycogen-reduced state

Figures & data

Fig. 1 Schematic of experimental protocol. After a 5 min warm-up at 40 % of maximum power (Wmax), participants underwent the ~1-h cycling time trial. The percentage figures represent the amount of the time trial completed. The four trial solutions included a. 15 % carbohydrate (CHO) solution mouth rinse (0.33 mL · kg⁻¹ body mass (BM)), b placebo (0 % CHO) mouth rinse (0.33 mL · kg⁻¹ BM), c 7.5 % CHO solution ingestion (1.5 mL · kg⁻¹ BM), and d placebo (0 % CHO) ingestion (1.5 mL · kg⁻¹)

Fig. 2 Mean (± SD) performance characteristics during 1-h cycling time trial: a Performance time (s) and b Power output (Watts). PLAR = placebo mouth rinse; PLAI = placebo ingestion; CHOR = carbohydrate mouth rinse; CHOI = carbohydrate ingestion

Fig. 3 Mean (± SD) physiological responses during 1-h cycling time trial: a Heart rate, b oxygen uptake ($\stackrel{.}{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2$) and c fractional utilisation of peak oxygen uptake (% $\stackrel{.}{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2$ peak). PLAR = placebo mouth rinse; PLAI = placebo ingestion; CHOR = carbohydrate mouth rinse; CHOI = carbohydrate ingestion

Fig. 4 Mean (± SD) indirect calorimetry measures during 1-h cycling time trial: a respiratory exchange ratio (RER), b estimated energy expenditure rate, c estimated carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation rate and d estimated fat oxidation rate. PLAR = placebo mouth rinse; PLAI = placebo ingestion; CHOR = carbohydrate mouth rinse; CHOI = carbohydrate ingestion. * signifies higher values for CHOI relative to other trials (P < 0.05)

Fig. 5 Mean (± SD) plasma metabolic markers during 1-h cycling time trial: a glucose, b free fatty acids (FFA), c insulin, d C-peptide and e lactate. PLAR = placebo mouth rinse; PLAI = placebo ingestion; CHOR = carbohydrate mouth rinse; CHOI = carbohydrate ingestion. * signifies higher values for CHOI relative to other trials (P < 0.05)