Nanotopography in Directing Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Potency and Future Perspective

Figures & data

Table 1. Various nanopattern fabrication methods used for osteogenic differentiation (2010–2021).

Materials	Patterns used	Methods	Ref.
Ti	Nanopores (10 nm diameter) on nano-dimples (120 nm)	Electrochemical nanopattern formation (anodization, sonication, chemical etching)	[64]
Ti	Mesoporous nanostructured coatings	Sonication	[46]
Ti	Grids (micron, nano, micron/nano [hybrid])	Femtosecond laser irradiation	[66]
Ti	Hemisphere-like nanostructures (approx. 50, 100 and 200 nm)	Colloidal lithography of glass substrate and sputter-coating of Ti	[51]
Ti	Nanostructured surface, microstructured surface, untreated surface	Treatment with either HNO3-H2SO4-HCl to produce MS, and H2SO4-H2O2 to produce NS	[67]
Ti	Roughness (Ti coated with GO nanomaterial)	Sandblasting and acid etching and ultrasonic atomization spraying technique	[47]
Ti	Nanotubes with modified Tanfloc (TA)-based polyelectrolyte multilayers using heparin and hyaluronic acid	Anodization and layer-by-layer deposition	[65]
Ti	ATi nanotubes coated with GO (roughness)	Anodization and anodic-electrophoretic deposition	[62]
Ti	Nanotubes (30–40 nm), nanograins (60–100 nm) with nanopore structure	Anodization, etching, & anodization after etching	[63]
Ti	TiO2 Nanotubes (20, 50, 100 nm)	Anodization	[54]
Ti	Nanotubes (potential: diameter: 30 V: 74 nm; 40 V: 92 nm; 50 V: 112 nm; 60 V: 128 nm; 70 V: 148 nm)	Anodization	[55]
Ti	Nanotubes (flat Ti, amorphous, and anatase crystallinity)	Anodization	[56]
Ti	Nanotubes (average diameters ∼20 (NT1), ∼50 (NT2), & ∼90 nm (NT3), and two-tiered HC surface composed of smaller nanotubes (s-HC) clustered within larger domains (L-HC))	Anodization	[57]
Ti	Nanotubes loaded with strontium (Sr) and lanthanum (La) (nanotubes (TN), Sr-containing TiO2 nanotube (STN), La-loaded SNT (LSTN))	Anodization	[58]
Ti6Al4V	Nanotubes (ground Ti6Al4V (Ti), nanostructured Ti6Al4V (N), Ti6Al4V incubated in SBF (TiH), nanostructured Ti6Al4V incubated in SBF (NH)	Anodization	[59]
Ti6Al4V	Nanotubes (39 & 83 nm)	Anodization	[60]
Ti6Al4V	Nanostructured biogenic apatite coatings (thickness 450 ± 20 nm)	Ionized jet deposition technology	[68]
TiNbTa	Nanotubes (potential - diameter: 10 V - 18 nm, 20 V - 36 nm, 30 V - 46 nm)	Anodization	[61]
TiCaP	Nanograins from coating (Ti thin film on glass substrate (Ti), CaP thin film on glass substrate (CaP), CaP thin film on glass substrate with Ti interlayer (TiCaP)	Radio frequency magnetron sputter deposition	[69]
Barium titanate (BT) NP/alginate	Porous nanocomposite scaffold	Dispersion of BT NP in water and adding alginate	[28]
HAP/Ti3C2Tx	Nanocomposite membrane (ultralong HAP nanowires (UHAPNWs)/MXene (Ti3C2Tx) film)	Solvothermal method and mixing and vacuum drying	[48]
PCL	Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) in 3D-printed porous scaffold (PCL/MWCNT, PCL/HA, PCL/HA/MWCNT)	Screw-assisted extrusion-based additive manufacturing system and melt blending method	[70]
PCL	Nanoparticles on nanofibers (PCL, PCL-ZnO, PCL-C-ZnO)	Nanoparticles by carbonization and oxidation, PCL fibers by electrospinning	[71]
HApN/PCL	Nanoparticle hybrid	Emulsification-solvent evaporation technique. HAPN (hydroxyapatite nanoparticle) were prepared using simple wet chemical precipitation technique	[72]
PCL/F-MWCNT	Composite nanofiber PCL/F-MWCNT (PCL nanofibers and functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes concentration of 0.5, 1, 2 & 3%)	Electrospinning	[73]
PUA	Nanogrooves (width 150 nm, periodicity 300 nm; & width 300 nm, periodicity 600 nm) and nanodots (hexagonal and square; diameter 460 nm, periodicity 600 nm)	Nanopatterned Si-master by photolithography and coating by initiated chemical vapor deposition technique	[27]
PUA	Nanodots (150, 400, 600 nm diameter) and nanolines (150, 400, 600 nm width)	Self-replication and UV-assisted capillary force lithography	[50]
PDMS	Wrinkled topography gradient (amplitude: 144–2854 nm; wavelength: 0.91–13.62 μm)	Shielded plasma oxidation and imprinting lithography	[49]
PDMS	Nanoparticle composite (AuNM/PDMS, SPION/PDMS, GO/PDMS, GQD/PDMS, pristine PDMS)	Immersion of PDMS in 6 types of nanoparticles	[74]
PS	Nanopits (average diameters of 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 750 nm, pure SiO2 0 nm (control) and flat TCP [blank control])	One-step self-assembly of PS nanospheres on SiO2 surface	[75]
Graphene	Nanoparticles of low-oxygen graphene	Commercially purchased	[76]
β-TCP	Roughness (from gelatin/reduced graphene oxide-magnesium-arginine hybrid contents of 0, 0.25 and 0.75% wt)	3D printing and freeze drying	[77]
GaN	Nanopores (etching voltage-nanopore size: 10 V: 20 nm; 15 V: 30 nm; 20 V: 80 nm; 25 V: 95 nm)	Electrochemical etching	[52]
Si	Nanopillars (critical dimensions of 40–200 nm)	Self-assembly block copolymer (spin-coating of PS-b-P2VP reverse micelle solutions)	[78]
C	Single and multi-walled nanotube-coated glass (nanostructures with height of 15–20 nm)	Coating and drying	[79]
Chitosan	Nanocomposite (CS scaffold with GO concentration of 2, 4 and 6% wt)	Direct blending, freezing and freeze-drying methods	[80]
Glass	Roughness (R q = 1, 100, 200 nm)	Reactive-ion etching	[53]

AuNW: Gold nanowire; BT NP: Barium titanate nanoparticle; C: Carbon; CaP: Calcium phosphate; CS: Chitosan; GaN: Gallium nitride; GO: Graphene oxide; GQD: Graphene quantum dot; HAP: Hydroxyapatite; HC: Honeycomb; PCL: Polycaprolactone; PDMS: Polydimethylsiloxane; PS: Polystyrene; PS-b-P2VP: Polystyrene-block-poly)2-vinylpyridine; PUA: Polyurethane acrylate; SBF: Simulated body fluid; Si: Silicone; SPION: Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle; TCP: Tricalcium phosphate; Ti: Titanium; TiNbTa: Ti-36Nb-Ta alloy.

Figure 1. Example of lithographic process.

Adapted with permission from [81] using Biorender.

Figure 2. A simple diagram of the mechanism of nanopatterns mechanotransduction pathway on scaffolds and their application in transplantation.

Created using Biorender.

ECM: Extracellular matrix; MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells.

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