New approach to the understanding of keloid: psychoneuroimmune–endocrine aspects

Figures & data

Figure 1 Integration of central and cutaneous neuro immune–endocrine systems.

Figure 2 Nervous and endocrine pathways under stress.

Notes: The limbic system under stress: endocrine and nervous pathways to the skin. (A) Stress stimulating the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis. (B) Stress stimulating the sympathetic–adrenal–medullary axis.
Abbreviations: CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone.