Frequency of Social Isolation and Homeboundness and Their Relationships with High-Level Functional Capacity in Elderly Diabetic Patients

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the Analysis Population in Men

	Non-Isolation/Non-Homebound	Isolation Alone	Homebound Alone	Isolation/Homebound
	n = 152 (59.1%)	n = 71 (27.6%)	n = 10 (3.9%)	n = 24 (9.4%)
Age (years), mean (SD)	72.3 (5.3)^d	73.1 (4.8)^d	72 (6.1)^d	77.8 (6.4)^a,b,c
BMI (kg/m^2), mean (SD)	24.4 (4.9)	24.3 (4.3)	25.5 (3.1)	23.3 (4.1)
T1DM/T2DM, %	4.7/95.3	2.2/97.8	14.2/85.9	8.3/91.7
HbA1c (%), mean (SD)	7.4 (1.2)	6.9 (0.7)	7.5 (1.2)	7.3 (0.7)
Duration of diabetes (years), mean (SD)	18.1 (11)	18.8 (11)	13.8 (8.1)	25.5 (14.1)
Alcohol consumption, %	26.1	30.5	33.3	11.1
Smoking, %	37.9	41.6	33.3	11.1
Hypertension, %	80.7	84.4	71.4	83.3
Dyslipidemia, %	75.2	64.4	85.7	75
Retinopathy, %	39.3	46.3	66.6	33.3
Neuropathy, %	60.3	71.8	80	87.5
Nephropathy, %	58.1	61.3	50	91.6
Cardiovascular disease, %	32.3	32.5	42.8	33.3
Sarcopenia, %	9.2^c,d	10	40^a	50^a
Depression, %	40.1	51.1	42.8	50
Cognitive impairment, %	15.7	15.4	30	12.5
Living alone, %	10.7	21.1^d	20^d	0^b,c
Oral hypoglycemic agents, %	78	80	85.7	50
GLP-1 analog, %	8.5^c	8.8^c	42.8^a,b,d	0^c
Insulin, %	62.5^c,d	64.4	100^a	91.6^a
TMIG-IC (points), mean (SD)	11.7 (1.8)^b,c,d	10.3 (2.6)^a,c	9.6 (3.7)^a,b,d	6.8 (3.4)^a,c

Notes: ªSignificantly different from Non-isolation/Non-homebound. ^bSignificantly different from Isolation Alone. ^cSignificantly different from Homebound Alone. ^dSignificantly different from Isolation/Homebound.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; T1DM/T2DM, type 1/type 2 diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; TMIG-IC, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence.

Table 2 Characteristics of the Analysis Population in Women

	Non-Isolation/Non-Homebound	Isolation Alone	Homebound Alone	Isolation/Homebound
	n = 118 (60.8%)	n = 36 (18.6%)	n = 20 (10.3%)	n = 20 (10.3%)
Age (years), mean (SD)	72.5 (5.3)^c	72 (6)^c	76.4 (5.6)^a,b	74.2 (7.1)
BMI (kg/m^2), mean (SD)	24.1 (4.8)	23.4 (4.6)	25.5 (5.2)	24.9 (3.9)
T1DM/T2DM/other, %	10.2/89.8	16.6/83.4	0/100	6.6/93.4
HbA1c (%), mean (SD)	7.3 (1)	7.2 (0.7)	7.8 (1)	7.6 (1.3)
Duration of diabetes (years), mean (SD)	16.6 (11.7)	21.6 (9.2)	23.4 (8.5)	21.2 (9.7)
Alcohol consumption, %	5.7	0	0	18.1
Smoking, %	3.7	16.6	0	18.1
Hypertension, %	66.1	83.3	84.6	93.3
Dyslipidemia, %	64	77.7	84.6	93.3
Retinopathy, %	45.9	61.1	61.5	35.7
Neuropathy, %	66.6	75	90	91.6
Nephropathy, %	49.1	61.1	41.6	60
Cardiovascular disease, %	7.6^b,c,d	23.5^a	58.3^a	33.3^a
Sarcopenia, %	16.2^c,d	19.4^c,d	60^a,b	70^a,b
Depression, %	34.7^b,c,d	55^a	64.2^a	86.6^a
Cognitive impairment, %	16.9	5.5	30	25
Living alone, %	17.2	16.6	30	35
Oral hypoglycemic agents, %	75	88.8	84.6	73.3
GLP-1 analog, %	14.7	22.2	23	6.6
Insulin, %	63.2	77.7	92.3	80
TMIG-IC (points), mean (SD)	11.8 (2.2)^b,d	10.4 (3.1)^a,d	10.3 (2.7)^d	8.0 (3.4)^a,b,c

Notes: ªSignificantly different from Non-isolation/Non-homebound. ^bSignificantly different from Isolation Alone. ^cSignificantly different from Homebound Alone. ^dSignificantly different from Isolation/Homebound.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; T1DM/T2DM, type 1/type 2 diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; TMIG-IC, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence.

Table 3 Multiple Regression with Higher-Level Functional Capacity as the Outcome

	Unadjusted		Adjusted
	Coefficient (95% CI)	p	Coefficient (95% CI)	p
Men
Age, per year increase			−0.01 (−0.07 to 0.05)	0.778
HbA1c, per 1% increase			0.05 (−0.25 to 0.35)	0.726
Living alone (vs no)			0.40 (−0.54 to 1.34)	0.401
Depression (vs no)			−1.41 (−2.09 to −0.73)	<0.001*
Cognitive impairment (vs no)			−0.86 (−1.61 to −0.12)	0.023*
Sarcopenia (vs no)			−1.62 (−2.59 to −0.64)	0.001*
Numbers of comorbidity, per 1 increase			−0.05 (−0.32 to 0.22)	0.696
Non-isolation/Non-homebound	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Isolation Alone	−1.38 (−2.05 to −0.72)	<0.001*	−0.94 (−1.68 to −0.21)	0.012*
Homebound Alone	−2.16 (−3.67 to −0.66)	0.005*	−0.27 (−1.93 to 1.39)	0.746
Isolation/Homebound	−4.93 (−5.94 to −3.92)	<0.001*	−4.03 (−5.37 to −2.68)	<0.001*
Women
Age, per year increase			−0.10 (−0.2 to 0.0)	0.047*
HbA1c, per 1% increase			0.19 (−0.39 to 0.79)	0.506
Living alone (vs no)			0.82 (−0.52 to 2.17)	0.228
Depression (vs no)			−0.96 (−2.25 to 0.32)	0.142
Cognitive impairment (vs no)			0.26 (−1.08 to 1.62)	0.696
Sarcopenia (vs no)			−0.59 (−2.05 to 0.87)	0.426
Numbers of comorbidity, per 1 increase			−0.25 (−0.67 to 0.17)	0.243
Non-isolation/Non-homebound	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Isolation Alone	−1.46 (−2.44 to −0.48)	0.004*	−1.33 (−2.93 to 0.25)	0.099
Homebound Alone	−1.58 (−2.82 to −0.33)	0.013*	−0.65 (−2.56 to 1.26)	0.501
Isolation/Homebound	−3.88 (−5.12 to −2.63)	<0.001*	−3.01 (−4.92 to −1.1)	0.002*

Note: *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; CI, confidence interval.