Effects of Anesthesia on Postoperative Recurrence and Metastasis of Malignant Tumors

Figures & data

Table 1 The Recent Studies on the Effect of Intravenous Anesthetics on Cancers

Type of Anesthetics	Anesthetics	Authors	Year	Type of Cancer (n)	Type of Research	Effect on Cancer	Relative Pathway
Intravenous anesthetics	Propofol	Liang et al^Citation114	2020	Colon cancer	in vitro	↓	JAK2/STAT3
	Propofol	Zheng et al^Citation115	2020	Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	in vivo and in vitro	↓	miR-21/PTEN/AKT
	Propofol	Wang et al^Citation116	2020	Pancreatic cancer	in vitro	↓	miR-34a-E-cadherin and LOC285194
	Propofol	Liu et al^Citation117	2020	Gastric cancer	in vitro	↓	MicroRNA-195-5p/Snail
	Propofol	Li et al^Citation118	2020	Papillary thyroid cancer	in vivo and in vitro	↓	miR-320a, HMGB1, ANRIL and Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB
	Propofol	Yu et al^Citation119	2020	Pancreatic cancer	in vivo and in vitro	↓	ADAM8
	Propofol	Li et al^Citation120	2020	Glioma	in vitro	↓	mir-410-3p/TGFBR2
	Propofol	Su et al^Citation121	2020	Cardia cancer	in vitro	↓	MAPK/ERK
	Propofol	Zhang et al^Citation122	2020	Colon cancer	in vivo and in vitro	↓	STAT3/HOTAIR, WIF-1 and Wnt
	Propofol	Zhang et al^Citation123	2020	Gastric cancer	in vivo and in vitro	↓	lncRNA MALAT1/miR-30e/ATG5
	Propofol	Xu et al^Citation34	2016	Osteosarcoma	in vitro	↓	TGF-beta1
	Propofol	Liu et al^Citation35	2016	Pancreatic Cancer	in vivo	↓	miR-21
	Propofol	Xu et al^Citation34	2016	Glioblastoma	in vitro	↓	miR-218
	Propofol, Etomidate, Dexmedetomidine	Deng et al^Citation33	2016	Colorectal cancer	in vivo and in vitro	Propofol: ↓ Etomidate: ↑ Dexmedetomidine: -	(PI3K)/AKT, Epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
	Etomidate	Chu et al^Citation124	2019	Lung Adenocarcinoma	in vitro	↓	MMP1, MMP2, MMP7 and MMP9
	Etomidate	Chen et al^Citation125	2018	Brain tumor	in vitro	↓	PARP, cleaved PARP, caspase-9 and procaspase-3
	Ketamine	Hu et al^Citation126	2002	Colorectal cancer	in vivo and in vitro	↓	NMDA receptor-CaMK II-c-Myc
	Ketamine	Duan et al^Citation127	2019	Colorectal cancer	in vitro	↓	VEGF, NMDA receptor
	Morphine	Grandhi et al^Citation128	2017	8 cancers	Meta-analysis	↑(Anti-angiogenesis and immunosuppression)	Unknown
	Morphine	Zhang et al^Citation129	2020	Esophageal carcinoma	in vitro	↑	AMPK, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
	Oxycodone	Cui et al^Citation130	2017	Rectal cancer	Clinic trials	↑(Immunosuppression)	Unknown
	Tramadol	Gaspani et al^Citation131	2002	Breast cancer	in vivo	↓(NK lymphocyte, Metastasis)	Unknown
	NSAIDs	Ye et al^Citation59	2020	Gynecological malignancies	Retrospective study	↓	COX-2-PGE2-EPs
	Mu agonists	Wang et al^Citation132	2015	Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	Retrospective study	↑	Unknown
	Ketorolac	Retsky et al^Citation133	2012	Breast cancer	Meta-analysis	↓(Anti-angiogenesis and -Metastasis)	Unknown
	Naproxen	Chen et al^Citation134	2020	Lung cancer, Ovarian cancer, Colon cancer	in vivo and in vitro	↓	DNA injury; COX-2 and MMP-9

Notes: ↑: enhance cancer; ↓: inhibit cancer grow or metastasis.

Table 2 The Recent Studies on the Effect of Volatile Anesthetics on Cancers

Type of Anesthetics	Anesthetics	Authors	Year	Type of Cancer (n)	Type of Research	Effect on Cancer	Relative Pathway
Volatile anesthetics	Sevoflurane	Zhang et al^Citation135	2020	Cervical cancer	in vitro	↑	HDA6, PI3K/AKT-ERK1/2
	Sevoflurane	Han et al^Citation136	2020	Glioma	in vitro	↓	Ca^2+-dependent CaMKII/JNK
	Sevoflurane	Kang et al^Citation137	2020	Ovarian cancer	in vitro	↓	JNK and p38 MAPK
	Sevoflurane	Li et al^Citation138	2020	Lung cancer	in vivo	↑	IL-6/JAK/STAT3
	Sevoflurane	Zhang et al^Citation139	2019	Ovarian cancer	in vivo and in vitro	↓	STC1
	Sevoflurane	Xue et al^Citation140	2019	Cervical cancer	in vitro	↑	Ezrin and MMP2; BCL-2; BAX
	Sevoflurane	Chen et al^Citation141	2019	Osteosarcoma	in vitro	↓	miR-203/WNT2B/Wnt/β-catenin
	Isoflurane	Hu et al^Citation142	2018	Liver cancer	in vitro	↓	NF-κB and the PI3K/AKT
	Isoflurane	Zhu et al^Citation74	2016	Glioblastoma	in vitro	↑	Unknown
	Desflurane	Elias et al^Citation143	2015	Ovarian cancer	Retrospective study	↓	Unknown
	Sevoflurane, Thiopental	Hurmath et al^Citation144	2016	Glioblastoma	in vitro	↓	MMPs
	Sevoflurane, Desflurane	Bundscherer et al^Citation145	2019	Colon cancer	in vitro	Sevoflurane↑, Desflurane ↓	Unknown
	Desflurane, isoflurane	Cata et al^Citation146	2017	Glioblastoma	META analysis	-	Unknown
	Isoflurane, Sevoflurane, Desflurane	Iwasaki et al^Citation78	2016	Ovarian carcinoma	in vitro	↑	MMP11 and VEGF-A

Notes: ↑: enhance cancer; ↓: inhibit cancer grow or metastasis.

Table 3 The Recent Studies on the Effect of Local Anesthetics on Cancers

Type of Anesthetics	Anesthetics	Authors	Year	Type of Cancer (n)	Type of Research	Effect on Cancer	Relative Pathway
Local anesthetics	Lidocaine	Zhu et al^Citation147	2019	Cervical cancer	in vitro	↓	lncRNA-MEG3/miR-421/BTG1
	Lidocaine	Wall et al^Citation148	2019	Breast cancer	in vivo and in vitro	↓	MMP2
	Lidocaine	Sun et al^Citation149	2019	Lung cancer	in vitro	↓	miR-539/EGFR Axis
	Lidocaine	Dong et al^Citation150	2019	Lung cancer	in vitro	↓	PI3K and Rapamycin
	Lidocaine	Xia et al^Citation151	2019	Retinoblastoma	in vivo and in vitro	↓	miR-520a-3p/EGFR
	Lidocaine	Zhang et al^Citation152	2019	Gastric cancer	in vitro	↓	Bcl-2; Bax; p-p38
	Lidocaine	Xing et al^Citation153	2017	Hepatocellular carcinoma	in vitro	↓	Bax; protein caspase-3; Bcl-2
	Bupivacaine	Zhu et al^Citation154	2020	_	in vitro	↓(Anti-angiogenesis)	Akt/mTOR and AMPK
	Bupivacaine	Zhang et al^Citation155	2019	Neuroblastoma	in vitro	↓	miR-132
	Bupivacaine	Xuan et al^Citation156	2016	Ovarian cancer, Prostate cancer	in vitro	↓	GSK3β
	Procaine	Li et al^Citation157	2018	Gastric Cancer	in vitro	↓	DNA methylation
	Procaine	Li et al^Citation158	2018	Colon Cancer	in vitro	↓	ERK/MAPK/FAK; RhoA
	Procaine	Ying et al^Citation159	2017	Osteosarcoma	in vitro	↓	miR-133b
	Procaine	Ma et al^Citation160	2016	Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	in vivo and in vitro	↓	EGFR
	Bupivacaine, Levobupivacaine	Li et al^Citation161	2019	Colon cancer	in vitro	↓	CHOP; Grp78
	Lidocaine, Ketamine, Metamizole	Malsy et al^Citation162	2019	Pancreatic carcinoma	in vitro	↓	NFATc2 and Sp1
	Lidocaine, Ropivacaine	Siekmann et al^Citation87	2019	Colon cancer	in vitro	High concentrations ↓; Low concentration ↑	Unknown
	Lidocaine, Ropivacaine	Wang et al^Citation163	2016	Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	in vitro	Lidocaine ↓ Ropivacaine ↓	MAPK
	Lidocaine, Ropivacaine	Piegeler et al^Citation164	2015	Lung adenocarcinoma	in vitro	↓	MMP-9, Src
	Lidocaine, Mepivacaine, Ropivacaine, Bupivacaine, Levobupivacaine, Chloroprocaine	Li et al^Citation165	2018	Breast cancer	in vitro	↓	Unknown

Notes: ↑: enhance cancer; ↓: inhibit cancer grow or metastasis.

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