Resolvin D1 prevents smoking-induced emphysema and promotes lung tissue regeneration

Figures & data

Figure 1 Experimental design.

Notes: (A) 4-week prevention model. (B) 4-week regeneration model. (C) 24-week prevention model. (D) 24-week regeneration model.
Abbreviations: PBS, phosphate buffered saline; w, weeks; D, day.

Figure 2 Measurements of emphysema assessed by MLI.

Notes: RvD1 reduced smoking-induced increase in MLI in all four models: (A) 4-week prevention, (B) 4-week regeneration, (C) 24-week prevention, and (D) 24-week regeneration models. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001 (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post tests). The scale bars indicate 100 μm. The results are presented as the mean of the mice included in all experiments.
Abbreviations: MLI, mean linear intercept; RvD1, resolvin D1; ANOVA, analysis of variance; CTL, control; RE, RvD1 only; SM, smoking; SR, smoking + RvD1.

Figure 3 Degree of inflammatory cell infiltration.

Notes: Histologic scoring indicates that smoking significantly increased peribronchial and perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrations and that infiltration was reduced by resolvin D1 in the (A) 4-week prevention, (B) 4-week regeneration, (C) 24-week prevention, and (D) 24-week regeneration models. **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post tests). The scale bars indicate 100 μm.
Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; CTL, control; RE, RvD1 only; RvD1, resolvin D1; SM, smoking; SR, smoking + RvD1.

Figure 4 BAL fluid analysis in the 4-week prevention model.

Notes: RvD1 significantly reduced the smoking-induced increase in (A) total cell counts, (B) eosinophil counts, and (C) IL-6 levels in the BAL fluid. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001 (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post tests).
Abbreviations: BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; RvD1, resolvin D1; IL6, interleukin-6; ANOVA, analysis of variance; CTL, control; RE, RvD1 only; SM, smoking; SR, smoking + RvD1; Mac, macrophage; Lym, lymphocyte; Eos, eosinophil; Neu, neutrophil.

Figure 5 BAL fluid analysis in the 24 week prevention model.

Notes: RvD1 significantly reduced the smoking-induced increase in (A) total cell counts and (B) neutrophil counts. (C) The IL-6 level in the BAL fluid also decreased, but statistical significance was not reached because the basal level was too low. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001 (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post tests).
Abbreviations: BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; RvD1, resolvin D1; IL6, interleukin-6; ANOVA, analysis of variance; CTL, control; RE, RvD1 only; SM, smoking; SR, smoking + RvD1; Mac, macrophage; Lym, lymphocyte; Eos, eosinophil; Neu, neutrophil.