The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on the nutritional status of COPD patients

Figures & data

Figure 1 The effect of CLA supplementation on the nutritional status of COPD patients flow diagram.

Abbreviation: CLA, conjugated linoleic acid.

Table 1 Demographic and clinical parameters of lung function in the supplementation and placebo groups

Parameters	Supplementation group	Placebo group	P-valuea
	Values (n=45)	Values (n=45)
Age (years)	63.60±10.94	61.64±10.60	0.39
Smoking (packs/year)	42.80±23.84	44.89±25.43	0.68
FEV1% predicted	47.83±18.01	42.89±14.82	0.06

Notes: The data are presented as mean ± SD.

a Independent-sample t-test significant difference between groups.

Table 2 The average amount of weight, height, and BMI in supplementation and control groups

Variables	Measurement stage	Supplementation group (n=45)	Placebo group (n=45)	P-valuea
Weight (kg)	At baseline	67±4.6	68.33±4.3	0.42
	On completion	67.18±3.3	68±3.7	0.25
P-valueb		0.07	0.07
BMI (kg/m^2)	At baseline	24.91±3.54	24.84±2.96	0.42
	On completion	24.97±3.34	24.74±3.06	0.25
P-valueb		0.13	0.2
Height (cm)	At baseline	164.13±10	166±8	0.46

Notes:

a Independent-sample t-test significant difference in the 6th week between groups.

b Paired t-test significant difference at the beginning and the end of the study in each group. Data are presented as mean ± SD.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 The average amount of IL_1β serum level in the supplementation and control groups

Variables	Measurement stage	Supplementation group (n=45)	Placebo group (n=45)	P-valuea
IL1β (ng/mL)	At the beginning	6.38±1.95	6.27±1.02	0.72
	At the end	5.61±0.93	6.60±1.07	0.02a
P-valueb		0.008b	0.025b

Notes:

a Independent-sample t-test significant difference in the sixth week between groups.

b Paired t-test significant difference at the beginning and the end of the study in each group. Data are presented as mean ± SD.

Abbreviations: IL_1β, interleukin 1β; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 2 Charts demonstrating the trend of CNAQ score³⁷ changes during the study in supplementation and control groups.

Note: Patient’s appetite scores at the beginning (blue), 4th week (green), and 6th week (milky) chart.
Abbreviation: CNAQ, Council of Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire.

Figure 3 Charts demonstrating the trend of calorie intake changes during the study in supplementation and control groups.

Note: Patient’s calorie intake at the beginning (blue), 4th week (green), and 6th week (milky) chart.

Table 4 The average amount of macroelements intake between the supplementation and control groups

Variables	Measurement stage	Supplementation group (n=45)	Control group (n=45)	P-value
Carbohydrate (g/d)	At baseline	489.13±51.67	467.20±53.13	0.14
	4th week	469.20±41.92	423.0±48.1	0.92
	6th week	503.0±42.98	401.93±47.97	0.03a
P-value		0.03b	0.001b
Protein (g/d)	At baseline	91.47±4.30	89.93±19.52	0.08
	4th week	91.50±4.20	79.73±16.43	0.02a
	6th week	110.50±2.80	47.33±17.17	0.01a
P-value		0.001b	0.06b
Total fat (g/d)	At baseline	49.60±11.21	49.80±16.45	0.81
	4th week	47.82±10.96	46.46±9.77	0.16
	6th week	50.98±11.21	40.20±11.91	0.01a
P-value		0.04b	0.5
Saturated fat (g/d)	At baseline	9±3	11±6	0.71
	4th week	10±5	10±4	0.58
	6th week	12±4	9±3	0.04a
P-value		0.34	0.18
Mono unsaturated fat (g/d)	At baseline	12±4	12.2±4.5	0.06
	4th week	14±5	11±4	0.8
	6th week	15±4	10.6±4	0.03a
P-value		0.19	0.39
Poly unsaturated fat (g/d)	At baseline	6±2	6±3	0.07
	4th week	6±2	5±1.7	0.49
	6th week	7±3	5±2	0.02a
P-value		0.26	0.43
Cholesterol (mg/d)	At baseline	198±130	172±120	0.08
	4th week	234±115	145±52	0.03
	6th week	274±208	131±39	0.01a
P-value		0.58	0.42
Fiber (g/d)	At baseline	7±4	6±2	0.27
	4th week	7±1	6±2	0.38
	6th week	8±3	5±2	0.02a
P-value		0.65	0.26

Notes:

a Independent-sample t-test significant difference in the 6th week between groups due to significant changes of cholesterol intake.

b Repeated measures ANOVA significant difference in the supplementation and placebo groups. Data are presented as mean ± SD.

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; SD, standard deviation.

Table 5 The average amount of electrolytes intake (mg) in the supplementation and placebo groups

Variables	Measurement stage	Supplementation group (n=45)	Placebo group (n=45)	P-value
Na	At baseline	1,792±692	1,854±676	>0.05
	4th week	1,619±573	1,729±573
	6th week	1,694±401	1,694±401
Mg	At baseline	180±87	196±87	>0.05
	4th week	194±92	187±92
	6th week	193±87	176±87
K	At baseline	1,599±54	1,702±54	<0.05a, <0.05b
	4th week	1,703±67	1,698±71
	6th week	1,750±78	1,703±73
Ca	At baseline	954±78	914±82	<0.05a, <0.05b
	4th week	984±73	965±56
	6th week	1,003±68	973±48
P	At baseline	953±78	878±68	>0.05
	4th week	944±71	980±67
	6th week	860±68	860±54
Fe	At baseline	37±4	38±4	>0.05
	4th week	35±3	39±3
	6th week	36±8	42±8
Zn	At baseline	17±4	16±4	>0.05
	4th week	18±7	19±7
	6th week	18±8	17±8
Mn	At baseline	1.3±0.7	1.7±0.4	>0.05
	4th week	1.5±0.8	1.8±0.8
	6th week	1.5±0.8	1.4±0.5
Se	At baseline	0.02±0.01	0.03±0.02	<0.001a, <0.05b
	4th week	0.02±0.01	0.02±0.01
	6th week	0.01±0.01	0.02±0.02
Cr	At baseline	0.01±0.001	0.03±0.001	>0.05
	4th week	0.02±0.001	0.07±0.001
	6th week	0.04±0.003	0.05±0.003
Mo	At baseline	45.43±12.01	47.39±12.01	>0.05
	4th week	47.5±11.2	48.6±10.2
	6th week	42.67±10.71	45.77±11.71

Notes:

a Independent-sample t-test significant difference in the 6th week between groups.

b Repeated measures ANOVA significant difference in the supplementation and placebo groups. Data are presented as mean ± SD.

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; SD, standard deviation.

Table 6 The average amount of vitamins intake in the supplementation and placebo groups

Variables	Measurement stage	Supplementation group (n=45)	Placebo group (n=45)	P-value
VitB1 (mg)	At baseline	0.98±0.87	0.78±0.77	>0.05
	4th week	1.6±0.82	0.69±0.82
	6th week	0.98±0.7	0.78±0.7
VitB3 (mg)	At baseline	17±9	19±9	>0.05
	4th week	17±9.3	19±9.3
	6th week	17±8.7	18±8.7
Folate (μg)	At baseline	59±54	70±54	.0.05
	4th week	64±67	74±71
	6th week	64±78	70±73
VitC (mg)	At baseline	54±78	74±82	>0.05
	4th week	84±73	91±56
	6th week	87±68	93±48
VitB2 (μg)	At baseline	1.6±0.32	1.4±0.32	<0.05a, <0.05b
	4th week	1.6±0.34	1.6±0.33
	6th week	1.6±0.32	1.1±0.32
VitB6 (mg)	At baseline	1.3±0.32	1.4±0.32	<0.05a, <0.05b
	4th week	1.6±0.55	1.6±0.17
	6th week	1.6±0.12	1.5±0.32
VitB12 (mg)	At baseline	4.3±0.7	5.7±0.4	>0.05
	4th week	3.5±0.8	4.8±0.8
	6th week	3.5±0.2	4.4±0.5
VitD (μg)	At baseline	32±0.7	37±0.4	>0.05
	4th week	38±0.8	38±0.8
	6th week	39±0.8	38±0.5
VitA (μg)	At baseline	459.43±52.01	460.39±62.01	>0.05
	4th week	476±61.2	458±50.2
	6th week	476±61.71	457±61.71
VitE (mg)	At baseline	14.43±12.01	16.39±12.01	<0.05a, <0.05b
	4th week	14.5±11.2	15.6±10.2
	6th week	15.67±10.71	15.77±11.71
Beta-carotene (μg)	At baseline	45.43±12.01	47.39±12.01	>0.05
	4th week	47.5±11.2	48.6±10.2
	6th week	42.67±10.71	45.77±11.71

Notes:

a Independent-sample t-test significant difference in the 6th week between groups.

b Repeated measures ANOVA significant difference in the supplementation and placebo groups. Data are presented as mean ± SD.

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; SD, standard deviation.

WilsonMMThomasDRRubensteinLZAppetite assessment: simple appetite questionnaire predicts weight loss in community-dwelling adults and nursing home residentsAm J Clin Nutr20058251074108116280441

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