Hand grip strength is associated with forced expiratory volume in 1 second among subjects with COPD: report from a population-based cohort study

Figures & data

Table 1 Basic characteristics comparing the subjects with and without COPD among females and males, respectively

Variables	Females			Males
	Non-COPD (n=255)	COPD (n=195)	P-valuea	Non-COPD (n=315)	COPD (n=246)	P-valuea
Age (years), mean (SD)	67.8 (10.3)	69.5 (9.7)	0.074	67.8 (10.2)	68.3 (9.0)	0.616
Smoker, n (%)	26 (10.2)	40 (20.6)		22 (7.0)	62 (25.2)
Ex smoker, n (%)	93 (36.5)	82 (42.1)		154 (48.9)	135 (54.9)
Non smoker, n (%)	136 (53.3)	73 (20.9)	0.001	139 (44.1)	49 (20.0)	<0.001
Height (cm), mean (SD)	160.2 (6.7)	160.5 (6.2)	0.602	173.7 (7.5)	174.6 (6.6)	0.127
BMI (kg/m^2), mean (SD)	27.9 (4.7)	26.7 (4.5)	0.007	27.6 (3.7)	27.1 (3.9)	0.141
<18.5, n (%)	4 (1.6)	2 (1.0)		0 (0.0)	1 (0.4)
18.5–24.9, n (%)	67 (26.3)	84 (43.1)		72 (22.9)	72 (29.3)
25–29.9, n (%)	116 (45.5)	68 (34.9)		177 (56.2)	130 (52.8)
≥30, n (%)	68 (26.7)	41 (21.0)	0.003	66 (21.0)	43 (17.5)	0.201
FEV1 % of predicted value, mean (SD)	97.2 (14.3)	80.1 (16.6)	<0.001	93.7 (13.3)	74.6 (15.7)	<0.001
Any respiratory symptoms, n (%)	125 (49.0)	131 (67.2)	<0.001	162 (51.4)	183 (74.4)	<0.001
Heart disease, n (%)	32 (12.5)	31 (15.9)	0.343	65 (20.6)	46 (18.7)	0.490
HGS (kg), mean (SD)	26.9 (6.7)	25.8 (5.9)	0.053	46.3 (10.5)	45.9 (9.9)	0.676

Notes:

a Comparing non-COPD and COPD. P-values <0.05 are given in bold.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; FEV₁%, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, percentage of predicted value; HGS, hand grip strength.

Figure 1 HGS (mean, kg) stratified by sex in subjects with non-COPD and COPD by GOLD grades (bars represent 95% CIs).

Note: *P<0.05 when comparing the subjects with GOLD 3–4 with the subjects with non-COPD.
Abbreviations: HGS, hand grip strength; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; CI, confidence interval.

Figure 2 HGS (kg) among the subjects with (black) and without heart disease plotted by age among (A) females without COPD, (B) females with COPD, (C) males without COPD, and (D) males with COPD.

Abbreviation: HGS, hand grip strength.

Table 2 Comparisons of mean HGS between the subjects with or without heart disease and with or without COPD

Categories	Females			Males
	No heart disease (n=353)	Heart disease (n=63)	P-valuea	No heart disease (n=390)	Heart disease (n=111)	P-valuea
	Mean (SD) HGS	Mean (SD) HGS		Mean (SD) HGS	Mean (SD) HGS
Non-COPD	27.6 (6.8)	23.7 (5.1)	0.002	48.3 (9.9)	40.7 (10.2)	<0.001
COPD	26.3 (6.0)	22.9 (5.3)	0.005	46.9 (9.8)	41.9 (9.9)	0.003
P-value	0.051b	0.566c		0.152b	0.536c

Notes: Analyses were performed separately for males and females. P-values <0.05 are given in bold.

a Comparison of mean HGS between no heart disease and heart disease.

b Comparison of mean HGS between non-COPD and COPD in no heart disease.

c Comparison of mean HGS between non-COPD and COPD in heart disease.

Abbreviations: HGS, hand grip strength; SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 Multiple linear regression models analyzing the association between HGS and FEV₁% of predicted value and heart disease among the subjects with and without COPD, respectively, adjusting for age and height

Categories/variables	Females			Males			Total study population
	B	95% CI	P-value	B	95% CI	P-value	B	95% CI	P-value
Non-COPD
FEV1 % pred	0.02	(−0.03–0.07)	0.468	0.03	(−0.03–0.10)	0.299	0.03	(−0.01–0.08)	0.115
Heart disease	−0.36	(−2.48–1.76)	0.738	−0.44	(−2.65–1.78)	0.697	−0.78	(−2.37–0.82)	0.340
COPD
FEV1 % pred	0.02	(−0.02–0.07)	0.290	0.07	(0.01–0.14)	0.047	0.05	(0.01–0.09)	0.020
Heart disease	−1.36	(−3.35–0.63)	0.179	−0.67	(−3.40–2.06)	0.629	−1.20	(−3.00–0.60)	0.180

Note: P-values <0.05 are given in bold.

Abbreviations: HGS, hand grip strength; FEV₁% pred, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, percentage of predicted value; B, beta coefficient from multiple linear regression models with HGS as a dependent variable, adjusted for age, height, heart disease, FEV₁% pred, and in the total study population also adjusted for sex; CI, confidence interval.