Religious coping and religiosity in patients with COPD following pulmonary rehabilitation

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline patient characteristics

Characteristics	PR group (n=38)	Control group (n=36)	p-value
Age (years)a	67.7±6.9	66.1±7.7	0.3
Gender (male), n (%)b	20 (52.6)	24 (66.7)	0.8
Marital status (married), n (%)b	22 (57.9)	18 (47.4)	0.08
Religious affiliation (Catholic), n (%)b	31 (81.6)	28 (77.8)	0.9
Comorbidities n (%)b	1 (0–1)	1 (0–1)	0.9
BMI (kg m^2)a	27.1±6.3	25±4.2	0.1
FEV1 (% predicted)a	46.1±17.4	42.1±14	0.2
FCV (% predicted)a	69.3±16.8	63.8±16.4	0.1
Religious copinga
PRC (scores)	27.1±1.1	27±1.4	0.8
NRC (scores)	9.3±4.9	7.9±9.2	0.1
Religiositya
ORA (scores)	4.1±1.5	4.7±1.2	0.8
NORA (scores)	5.2±1.1	5.6±0.4	0.6
IR (scores)	13.3±2.3	13.5±0.9	0.6
6MWD (m)a	377.1±97.1	340.7±75.9	0.07
CAT (points)a	16.7±9	19.6±6.3	0.1
SGRQ total (points)a	54.5±15.5	54±17.9	0.8
HADS-A (points)a	5.8±4.2	6.1±3.8	0.7
HADS-D (points)a	5±3.5	6.8±4.2	0.2
PHQ-9 (points)a	9.5±6.2	11.3±6.7	0.2
mMRC Dyspnea Scale (grade)a	2.1±1	2.6±1.1	0.09

Notes:

a Mean ± SD.

b Data expressed as relative frequency.

Abbreviations: 6MWD, 6-min walk distance; BMI, body mass index; CAT, COPD assessment test; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; HADS-A, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Anxiety Subscale; HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Depression Subscale; IR, intrinsic religiosity; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; NORA, nonorganizational religious activity; NRC, negative religious coping; ORA, organizational religious activity; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PRC, positive religious coping; SGRQ, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.

Table 2 Changes following PR

Variable	PR group (n=38)				Control group (n=36)
	Before	After	Mean change Δ (95% CI)	p-value	Before	After	Mean change Δ (95% CI)	p-value
Religious coping
PRC (scores)	27.1±1.1	27.3±1.1	0.2 (0.06, 0.5)a	0.01	27±1.4	27±1.2	0.02 (−0.07, 0.1)	0.5
NRC (scores)	9.3±4.9	8.4±3.7	−0.8 (−1.6, −0.05)a	0.03	7.9±2.2	7.9±2.2	−0.02 (−0.08, 0.02)	0.3
Religiosity
ORA (scores)	4.1±1.5	5±1.2	0.8 (0.5, 1.2)a	<0.001	4.7±1.2	4.9±1.2	0.2 (−0.04, 0.5)	0.1
NORA (scores)	5.2±1.1	5.2±1.2	0.05 (−0.05, 0.1)	0.3	5.6±0.4	5.6±0.4	0.05 (−0.1, 0.2)	0.4
IR (scores)	13.3±2.3	13.5±2.1	0.1 (−0.07, –0.4)	0.1	13.5±0.9	13.6±0.8	0.02 (−0.02, −0.08)	0.3
6MWD (m)	377.1±97.1	421.5±91.6	44.3 (34.6, 54.0)a	<0.001	340.7±75.9	333.8±84.3	−6.8 (−14.7, 0.9)	0.08
CAT (points)	16.7±9	14.8±8.7	−1.8 (−2.8, −0.8)a	0.001	19.6±6.3	19.4±5.8	−0.1 (−0.6, 0.2)	0.4
SGRQ total (points)	54.5±15.5	36.6±14.1	−17.8 (−21.5, −14)a	<0.001	54±17.9	54.8±16.2	0.8 (−0.05, 1.8)	0.6
HADS-A (points)	5.8±4.2	4.1±3	−1.7 (−2.5, −0.8)a	<0.001	6.1±3.8	6.2±3.7	0.08 (−0.1, 2.7)	0.3
HADS-D (points)	5±3.5	3.8±3.3	−1.2 (−1.8, −0.5)a	<0.001	6.8±4.2	6.8±3.5	−0.02 (−0.2, 0.2)	0.8
PHQ-9 (points)	9.5±6.2	8.1±5.2	−1.3 (−2.5, 0.8)a	0.001	11.3±6.7	11.5±6.4	0.1 (−0.2, 0.4)	0.4
mMRC dyspnea scale (grade)	2.1±1	1.7±0.9	−0.4 (−2, −0.6)a	0.002	2.6±1.1	2.5±1	−0.05 (−0.1, 0.05)	0.3

Notes: Data are expressed as mean ± SD and deltas as mean.

a p<0.04 between groups.

Abbreviations: Δ, mean change; 6MWD, 6-min walk distance; CAT, COPD assessment test; HADS-A, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Anxiety Subscale; HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Depression Subscale; IR, intrinsic religiosity; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; NORA, nonorganizational religious activity; NRC, negative religious coping; ORA, organizational religious activity; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PR, pulmonary rehabilitation; PRC, positive religious coping; SGRQ, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.

Table 3 Associations between changes in RC, religiosity, and outcomes of PR

Variable	Δ PRC	Δ NRC	Δ ORA	Δ NORA	Δ IR
Δ 6MWD	0.36a	−0.21	0.32a	−0.19	0.13
Δ CAT	−0.30a	−0.48b	−0.46b	0.18	−0.16
Δ SGRQ total	0.20	0.24	0.11	−0.02	0.05
Δ HADS-A	−0.03	0.14	−0.10	−0.17	0.34
Δ HADS-D	−0.15	0.04	−0.12	−0.11	0.13
Δ PHQ-9	−0.26	0.33a	−0.18	−0.20	0.38
Δ mMRC dyspnea scale	−0.14	0.11	0.05	−0.21	−0.03

Notes:

a p<0.05.

b p<0.01.

Abbreviations: Δ, mean change; 6MWD, 6-min walk distance; CAT, COPD assessment test; HADS-A, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Anxiety Subscale; HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Depression Subscale; IR, intrinsic religiosity; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; NORA, nonorganizational religious activity; NRC, negative religious coping; ORA, organizational religious activity; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PR, pulmonary rehabilitation; PRC, positive religious coping; RC, religious coping; SGRQ, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.