Figures & data
Figure 1 Pharmacologic treatment of COPD.
Notes: Proposed algorithm of the Russian National guidelines for the management of COPD. *Predominantly non-infectious exacerbations (ACO or eosinophilic inflammation type).
Abbreviations: LTOT, long-term oxygen therapy; NIV, noninvasive ventilation; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; CAT, COPD Assessment Test; LABA, long-acting beta-adrenergic; LAMA, long-acting antimuscarinic; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; ACO, asthma–COPD overlap.
Abbreviations: LTOT, long-term oxygen therapy; NIV, noninvasive ventilation; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; CAT, COPD Assessment Test; LABA, long-acting beta-adrenergic; LAMA, long-acting antimuscarinic; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; ACO, asthma–COPD overlap.
