Immune cell response to strenuous resistive breathing: comparison with whole body exercise and the effects of antioxidants

Figures & data

Figure 1 Antioxidant supplementation time line.

Notes: Antioxidant supplementation time line from day 1 to day 90 (number of days of supplementation embedded in columns). Note that the 1st IRB session was at day 1, the 1st WBE session at day 15, the 2nd IRB session at day 75, and the 2nd WBE session at day 90.
Abbreviations: IRB, inspiratory resistive breathing; NAC, N-acetylcysteine; WBE, whole body exercise.

Table 1 Lymphocyte subpopulation percentage changes during WBE

Time points	Rest		End-WBE		120 minutes
Antioxidant status	Before antioxidants	After antioxidants	Before antioxidants	After antioxidants	Before antioxidants	After antioxidants
CD3+	73.82±2.89	72.83±3.08	65.76±3.64	65.25±4.07	73.86±3.09	72.15±3.12
CD4+ CD45RA+	15.62±3.88	13.50±1.89	10.66±3.17	9.18±2.11	12.12±2.18	12.37±1.69
CD8+ CD45RO+	9.42±1.59	7.15±1.28	10.42±3.82	6.35±1.24	7.52±1.92	5.13±0.35
CD8+ CD38+	3.70±1.21	5.41±0.85	4.40±1.84	5.81±1.08	2.48±0.67	5.13±0.49#
CD8+ HLA-DR+	2.62±0.99	2.30±0.68	3.04±1.31	2.47±0.64	1.46±0.75	2.20±0.49

Notes: Data were presented as mean ± SEM;

# p<0.05 compared with before antioxidants iso-time comparison.

Abbreviation: WBE, whole body exercise.

Table 2 Lymphocyte subpopulation percentage changes during IRB

Time points	Rest		End IRB		120 minutes
Antioxidant status	Before antioxidants	After antioxidants	Before antioxidants	After antioxidants	Before antioxidants	After antioxidants
CD3+	72.47±2.89	71.97±3.06	68.40±4.07	69.02±3.36	71.72±3.98	72.75±2.66
CD4+ CD45RO+	18.88±1.43	19.30±1.67	18.45±1.56	16.97±0.84	22.62±1.79	15.98±3.63
CD4+ CD45RA+	13.72±2.50	13.00±3.08	9.38±2.68	10.38±1.35	12.75±2.14	12.08±1.95
CD8+ CD45RO+	7.45±1.42	5.73±0.94	6.85±0.67	5.95±0.72	7.02±0.81	5.78±0.88
CD8+ HLA-DR+	2.20±0.77	2.15±0.61	2.10±0.43	2.32±0.77	2.02±0.61	1.02±0.31#
CD19+ (B cells)	14.72±2.67	13.52±2.00	13.22±2.62	13.20±2.64	16.47±2.62	13.60±2.29

Notes: Data were presented as mean ± SE;

# p<0.05 compared with before antioxidants iso-time comparison.

Abbreviation: IRB, inspiratory resistive breathing.

Figure 2 CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte percentage during WBE.

Notes: (A) T helper (CD3+ CD4+); (B) cytotoxic (CD3+ CD8+) lymphocyte percentages; (C) WBE end to rest difference of T helper cell percentage; (D) CD4+ to CD8+ ratio. Data are presented as mean ± SE; *p≤0.05 compared with rest, **p≤0.05 compared with end; white bars, before antioxidant supplementation; grey bars, after antioxidant supplementation.
Abbreviation: WBE, whole body exercise.

Figure 3 CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte percentage during IRB.

Notes: (A) T helper (CD3+ CD4+) lymphocyte percentage; (B) IRB end to rest difference of T helper cell percentage; (C) T cytotoxic cell (CD3+ CD8+) percentage; (D) IRB end to rest difference of T cytotoxic cell percentage; (E) CD4+ to CD8+ ratio; (F) IRB end to rest difference of CD4+ to CD8+ ratio. Data are presented as mean ± SE; *p≤0.05 compared with rest, **p≤0.05 compared with end, ^#p≤0.05 compared with before antioxidant supplementation (white bars) and after antioxidant supplementation (grey bars).
Abbreviation: IRB, inspiratory resistive breathing.

Figure 4 CD4+ CD45RO+ cell percentage during WBE.

Notes: (A) CD4+ CD45RO+ cell percentage. (B) WBE end to rest difference of CD4+ CD45RO+ cell percentage. Data are presented as mean ± SE; *p≤0.05 compared with rest, **p≤0.05 compared with end; white bars, before antioxidant supplementation; grey bars, after antioxidant supplementation.
Abbreviation: WBE, whole body exercise.

Figure 5 CD8+ CD45RA+ cell percentage during WBE and IRB.

Notes: (A) CD8+ CD45RA+ cell percentage during WBE; (B) CD8+ CD45RA+ cell percentage during IRB; (C) WBE end to rest difference of CD8+ CD45RA+ cell percentage; (D) IRB end to rest difference of CD8+ CD45RA+ cells. Data are presented as mean ± SE; *p≤0.05 compared with rest, **p≤0.05 compared with end, ^#p≤0.05 compared with before antioxidant supplementation (white bars) and after antioxidant supplementation (grey bars).
Abbreviations: IRB, inspiratory resistive breathing; WBE, whole body exercise.

Figure 6 CD8+ CD38+ cell percentage during IRB.

Notes: (A) CD8+ CD38+ cell percentage; (B) IRB end to rest difference of CD8+ CD38+ cell percentage. Data are presented as mean ± SE; *p≤0.05 compared with rest; **p≤0.05 compared with end; ^#p≤0.05 compared with before antioxidant supplementation (white bars) and after antioxidant supplementation (grey bars).
Abbreviation: IRB, inspiratory resistive breathing.

Figure 7 NK cell percentage during WBE and IRB.

Notes: (A) NK cells (CD3− CD16+ CD56+) percentage during WBE; (B) NK cell percentage during IRB; (C) WBE end to rest difference of NK cell percentage; (D) IRB end to rest difference of NK cell percentage. Data are presented as mean ± SE; *p≤0.05 compared with rest; **p≤0.05 compared with end; ^#p≤0.05 compared with before antioxidant supplementation (white bars) and after antioxidant supplementation (grey bars).
Abbreviations: IRB, inspiratory resistive breathing; NK, natural killer; WBE, whole body exercise.

Figure 8 B-lymphocyte percentage during WBE.

Notes: (A) B-lymphocyte (CD19+) percentage during WBE; (B) WBE end to rest difference of B-cell percentage. Data are presented as mean ± SE; *p≤0.05 compared with rest; **p≤0.05 compared with end; white bars, before antioxidant supplementation; grey bars, after antioxidant supplementation.
Abbreviation: WBE, whole body exercise.