The effect of environmental factors on the differential expression of miRNAs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot clinical study

Figures & data

Figure 1 A flowchart of chronic lung disease in the northern region.

Abbreviations: CT, Computed tomography; FEV₁/FVC, forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity.

Table 1 Baseline information for all subjects

Specimen	Age (years)	Sex	GOLD spirometric classification	Smoking	Complications
B1	64	Male	4	Yes	No
B2	76	Male	3	Yes	No
B3	70	Male	3	Yes	No
B4	76	Male	3	Yes	No
B5	65	Male	3	Yes	No
B6	72	Male	3	Yes	No
B7	69	Female	3	Yes	Hypertension diabetes
B8	68	Male	3	Yes	No
B9	81	Female	4	Yes	No
H1	80	Male	3	Yes	No
H2	55	Male	4	Yes	No
H3	75	Female	3	No	No
H4	77	Male	2	Yes	No
H5	79	Male	4	No	Cataract
H6	66	Male	3	Yes	No
H7	79	Female	3	Yes	Hypertension diabetes
H8	59	Male	3	Yes	No
D1	60	Male		Yes	No
D2	51	Female		Yes	No
D3	66	Female		Yes	No
D4	69	Male		Yes	No
D5	67	Male		Yes	No
D6	72	Male		Yes	No
D7	72	Male		Yes	No
D8	70	Male		Yes	No
D9	82	Male		Yes	No
P-value	0.576a	0.988b	0.551c	0.087b

Notes: B, Beijing group; H, migratory group; D, healthy control group;

a ANOVA;

b chi-square test;

c independent sample test.

Abbreviations: GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; ANOVA, analysis of variance.

Table 2 Sequencing data statistics

Samples	Raw reads	Clean reads	Q30 (%)
Beijing group	18342334	10820752	94.28
Migratory group	16600952	14355558	93.79
Healthy control group	16116455	8699197	94.66

Note: Q30:1,000 bases have a probability of identifying a base with 1 error.

Figure 2 The common and specific sequence statistics in the Beijing group (B) and the migratory group (H).

Figure 3 The common and specific sequence statistics in the Beijing group (B) and the healthy control group (D).

Figure 4 The common and specific sequence statistics in the migratory group (H) and the healthy control group (D).

Table 3 A total of 119 differentially expressed miRNAs

ID	B TPM	H TPM	D TPM	ID	B TPM	H TPM	D TPM
hsa-miR-100-5p	3870.91	42.46	8288.59	hsa-miR-24-2-5p	40.20	25.32	118.55
hsa-miR-101-3p	2568.54	2786.61	681.66	hsa-miR-25-3p	2745.41	59797.64	1699.21
hsa-miR-103a-3p	1165.69	15666.84	350.71	hsa-miR-25-5p	176.86	60.40	79.03
hsa-miR-106b-3p	1772.66	15273.92	558.17	hsa-miR-26a-5p	840.10	4814.42	1225.01
hsa-miR-106b-5p	132.65	82.87	54.34	hsa-miR-26b-5p	229.12	1002.32	177.82
hsa-miR-107	703.44	1048.98	54.34	hsa-miR-27a-3p	124.61	183.00	29.64
hsa-miR-10a-5p	329.61	66.19	1086.70	hsa-miR-27b-3p	635.10	298.69	780.45
hsa-miR-10b-5p	615.00	29.74	1476.93	hsa-miR-28-3p	771.77	397.57	1150.92
hsa-miR-1180-3p	824.02	616.22	187.70	hsa-miR-29a-3p	317.55	28.61	148.19
hsa-miR-122-5p	29998.51	6021.09	130014.28	hsa-miR-30a-3p	24.12	16.01	74.09
hsa-miR-1246	20.10	17.03	222.28	hsa-miR-30a-5p	627.06	203.78	632.26
hsa-miR-125b-5p	1089.32	12.49	1323.80	hsa-miR-30c-5p	136.67	403.02	49.40
hsa-miR-126-3p	803.93	6818.04	572.99	hsa-miR-30d-5p	2938.35	10500.26	1274.41
hsa-miR-126-5p	60.29	22.02	14.82	hsa-miR-30e-5p	1599.81	406.54	380.35
hsa-miR-128-3p	1499.32	237.72	232.16	hsa-miR-3158-3p	422.06	1838.90	350.71
hsa-miR-1292-5p	140.69	21.23	29.64	hsa-miR-320a	101479.63	15263.25	169530.79
hsa-miR-1307-3p	4506.01	675.37	3714.55	hsa-miR-320b	6564.06	1339.38	10901.62
hsa-miR-134-5p	124.61	32.01	839.73	hsa-miR-320c	1161.67	156.89	622.39
hsa-miR-140-3p	2142.46	22754.39	1551.02	hsa-miR-320d	156.77	21.12	192.64
hsa-miR-140-5p	24.12	18.05	64.21	hsa-miR-328-3p	1857.07	66.64	251.92
hsa-miR-142-5p	4264.83	3187.59	227.22	hsa-miR-330-3p	64.31	17.37	69.15
hsa-miR-143-3p	3054.92	589.65	11919.17	hsa-miR-338-5p	32.16	10.67	83.97
hsa-miR-144-3p	1398.83	138.62	98.79	hsa-miR-3615	4634.64	2727.13	17663.88
hsa-miR-145-5p	180.88	10.90	350.71	hsa-miR-363-3p	615.00	4845.41	133.37
hsa-miR-146a-5p	4184.44	750.64	1136.10	hsa-miR-370-3p	32.16	12.71	93.85
hsa-miR-146b-5p	112.55	266.90	177.82	hsa-miR-375	667.26	38.03	1635.00
hsa-miR-148a-3p	9184.86	29071.10	21254.95	hsa-miR-378a-3p	11681.05	6549.10	14853.27
hsa-miR-148a-5p	116.57	34.06	261.80	hsa-miR-378d	192.94	441.73	123.49
hsa-miR-148b-3p	3183.55	1465.62	1052.13	hsa-miR-378f	140.69	53.24	74.09
hsa-miR-150-3p	92.45	12.15	316.13	hsa-miR-3913-5p	132.65	134.76	49.40
hsa-miR-150-5p	180.88	54.83	98.79	hsa-miR-409-3p	192.94	12.71	64.21
hsa-miR-151a-3p	2379.62	15462.49	3013.13	hsa-miR-423-3p	3790.51	4490.30	1886.91
hsa-miR-16-2-3p	11170.56	1699.60	296.37	hsa-miR-423-5p	127229.39	28958.71	214500.59
hsa-miR-17-5p	281.37	435.37	19.76	hsa-miR-425-5p	715.49	1998.29	256.86
hsa-miR-181a-2-3p	76.37	125.79	34.58	hsa-miR-4433b-3p	148.73	10.44	316.13
hsa-miR-181a-5p	639.12	2339.77	256.86	hsa-miR-451a	17589.91	122688.52	3092.17
hsa-miR-181b-5p	205.00	110.46	19.76	hsa-miR-4732-3p	1278.24	68.23	276.62
hsa-miR-182-5p	213.04	5672.79	93.85	hsa-miR-484	196.96	494.86	4.94
hsa-miR-183-5p	209.02	1665.77	79.03	hsa-miR-500a-3p	237.16	451.49	69.15
hsa-miR-184	747.65	12.15	44.46	hsa-miR-5010-5p	112.55	20.55	163.01
hsa-miR-185-3p	124.61	381.22	108.67	hsa-miR-5189-5p	56.27	28.04	29.64
hsa-miR-185-5p	19599.73	29416.56	4949.44	hsa-miR-532-5p	1439.03	5334.82	696.48
hsa-miR-186-5p	3758.36	1636.14	800.21	hsa-miR-550a-3-5p	124.61	287.90	49.40
hsa-miR-1908-5p	1310.40	16.80	671.78	hsa-miR-550a-5p	124.61	287.90	49.40
hsa-miR-191-5p	3895.02	8434.54	1012.61	hsa-miR-576-3p	554.71	130.78	577.93
hsa-miR-192-5p	1077.26	2077.30	582.87	hsa-miR-584-5p	289.41	831.47	153.13
hsa-miR-193a-5p	4763.26	107.17	17120.53	hsa-miR-6735-5p	52.26	11.01	88.91
hsa-miR-197-3p	337.65	49.27	79.03	hsa-miR-744-5p	1491.28	800.93	1906.67
hsa-miR-199a-3p	442.16	59.83	656.96	hsa-miR-7-5p	1004.91	4109.08	553.23
hsa-miR-199a-5p	369.81	17.60	158.07	hsa-miR-769-5p	578.83	77.99	439.62
hsa-miR-199b-3p	442.16	59.83	656.96	hsa-miR-7706	144.71	228.87	326.01
hsa-miR-199b-5p	68.33	17.37	98.79	hsa-miR-7976	200.98	87.30	39.52
hsa-miR-19b-3p	1129.52	22.71	148.19	hsa-miR-92a-3p	17601.97	19629.36	5542.19
hsa-miR-2110	6664.55	721.12	11118.96	hsa-miR-92b-5p	72.35	57.78	237.10
hsa-miR-21-5p	20986.50	1369.13	39541.21	hsa-miR-93-5p	771.77	955.89	123.49
hsa-miR-221-3p	1732.46	334.68	736.00	hsa-miR-939-5p	209.02	13.17	103.73
hsa-miR-221-5p	136.67	12.94	14.82	hsa-miR-941	309.51	1216.89	59.27
hsa-miR-223-5p	281.37	292.44	2894.58	hsa-miR-99a-5p	1732.46	733.72	1531.26
hsa-miR-22-3p	58923.78	3706.86	14329.68	hsa-miR-99b-5p	353.73	47.34	607.57
hsa-miR-23a-3p	108.53	990.29	296.37

Notes: B, Beijing group; H, migratory group; D, healthy control group. TPM = Readcount*10⁶/mapped reads and it represents the amount of expression.

Table 4 Nine differentially expressed miRNAs

ID	B TPM	H TPM	D TPM
hsa-miR-142-5p	4264.829	3187.588	227.22
hsa-miR-16-2-3p	11170.56	1699.6	296.3739
hsa-miR-186-5p	3758.356	1636.139	800.2094
hsa-miR-1180-3p	824.0245	616.22	187.7034
hsa-miR-148b-3p	3183.548	1465.623	1052.127
hsa-miR-7976	200.9816	87.30162	39.51652
hsa-miR-144-3p	1398.832	138.6154	98.79129
hsa-miR-223-5p	281.3742	292.4434	2894.585
hsa-miR-7706	144.7067	228.8688	326.0113

Notes: B, Beijing group; H, migratory group; D, healthy control group. TPM = Readcount*10⁶/mapped reads and it represents the amount of expression.

Figure 5 Nine differentially expressed miRNAs (A–C).

Notes: B, Beijing group; H, migratory group; D, healthy control group. TPM = Readcount*10⁶/mapped reads and it represents the amount of expression.

Table 5 The baseline information for patients with COPD in the Beijing group

Baseline information	Beijing group median (quartile range)
Sex (male %)	77.12%
Age (years)	63.00 (56.75–73.00)
Smoking (%)	65.25%
FEV1/FVC	51.46 (41.39–59.49)
FEV1%	53.75 (38.26–68.60)
Comorbidity (n)
Hypertension	10
Diabetes	5
Coronary disease	5
Hepatic insufficiency	2
Reflux esophagitis	1
Peptic ulcer	1

Abbreviation: FEV₁/FVC, forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity.

Figure 6 The difference in baseline CAT scores between AQI ≤100 and AQI >100.

Abbreviations: AQI, air quality index; CAT, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test.

Figure 7 The difference in baseline mMRC scores between AQI ≤100 and AQI >100.

Abbreviations: AQI, air quality index; mMRC, Modified British Medical Research Council.

Figure 8 The difference in follow-up CAT scores between AQI ≤100 and AQI >100.

Abbreviations: AQI, air quality index; CAT, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test.

Figure 9 The difference in follow-up mMRC scores between AQI ≤100 and AQI >100.

Abbreviations: AQI, air quality index; mMRC, Modified British Medical Research Council.

Figure 10 The difference in baseline mMRC scores and follow-up mMRC scores.

Abbreviation: mMRC, Modified British Medical Research Council.

Table 6 The information for patients with COPD in different groups

	A (n=26)	B (n=20)	C (n=22)	D (n=50)
CAT	5.50 (3.75–8.00)	12.00 (11.00–16.75)	7.00 (5.00–9.00)	17.00 (13.00–21.00)
mMRC	0 (0–1.00)	1.00 (1.00–2.00)	0.50 (0–1.00)	1.00 (1.00–2.00)
Acute exacerbations	1.00 (0–1.00)	1.00 (0.25–1.00)	2.00 (1.00–2.00)	2.00 (1.00–2.00)
FEV1%	68.60 (60.925–81.075)	67.05 (58.95–76.975)	45.60 (36.45–66.5)	41.05 (35.275–49.125)

Notes: Group A: low risk, less symptoms; Group B: low risk, more symptoms; Group C: high risk, less symptoms; Group D: high risk, more symptoms.

Abbreviations: CAT, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test; FEV₁%, forced expiratory volume in one second (% predicted); mMRC, Modified British Medical Research Council.

Table 7 The baseline CAT score and the mMRC score between AQI ≤100 and AQI >100 in the fewer symptoms group

	AQI ≤100	AQI >100	P-value
CAT	6.50 (4.00–8.75)	10.00 (6.25–12.00)	<0.001
mMRC	0 (0–1.00)	1.00 (0–1.00)	<0.001

Abbreviations: AQI, air quality index; CAT, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test; mMRC, Modified British Medical Research Council.

Table 8 The follow-up CAT score and the mMRC score between AQI ≤100 and AQI >100 in the fewer symptoms group

	AQI ≤100	AQI >100	P-value
CAT	8.00 (4.25–12.00)	9.50 (6.00–16.75)	<0.001
mMRC	1.00 (0–1.00)	1.00 (0–1.00)	<0.001

Abbreviations: AQI, air quality index; CAT, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test; mMRC, Modified British Medical Research Council.

Table 9 Baseline acute exacerbations and follow-up acute exacerbations in the fewer symptoms group

AB group	Baseline	Follow-up	P-value
Acute exacerbations	1.00 (0–1.00)	1.00 (0–1.00)	0.213

Table 10 The CAT and mMRC scores for the migratory population in the different regions

Migratory population (n=82)	In Hainan	In Beijing	P-value
CAT	20.0±8.0	26.4±7.1	<0.001
mMRC	1.9±0.8	2.9±0.9	<0.001

Abbreviations: CAT, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test; mMRC, Modified British Medical Research Council.