Prevalence of undiagnosed COPD in male patients with coronary artery disease: a cross-sectional study in Jordan

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of study participants showing excluded patients at different stages of the study.

Abbreviation: CAD, coronary artery disease.

Table 1 Characteristics of the participants according to the coronary artery disease status

Characteristic	All n=376	CAD n=300	No CAD n=76	P-value
Age, years mean ± SD	56.02±10.55	56.75±10.14	53.16±11.65	0.008
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	148 (39.4)	126 (42.0)	22 (28.9)	0.037
Hypertension, n (%)	257 (68.4)	213 (71.0)	44 (57.9)	0.028
Hyperlipidemia, n (%)	100 (26.6)	79 (26.3)	21 (27.6)	0.819
Current smoker, n (%)	273 (72.6)	216 (72.0)	57 (75.0)	0.600
Pack-year, mean ± SD	55.89±34.25	56.81±35.47	52.22±28.88	0.297
Body mass index, mean ± SD	28.90±4.95	28.78±4.75	29.42±5.68	0.321
Chronic cough, n (%)	167 (44.4)	139 (46.3)	28 (36.8)	0.137
Dyspnea, n (%)	249 (66.2)	198 (66.0)	51 (67.1)	0.856
Wheezes, n (%)	105 (27.9)	83 (27.7)	22 (28.9)	0.824
Chronic bronchitis, n (%)	89 (23.7)	73 (24.3)	16 (21.1)	0.548
Previous COPD diagnosis, n (%)	9 (2.4)	8 (2.7)	1 (1.3)	0.693a
COPD (GOLD criteria)	59 (15.7)	54 (18.0)	5 (6.6)	0.014
Pre-bronchodilator
FEV1, L	2.61±0.72	2.57±0.71	2.77±0.74	0.034
FEV1, % predicted	79.68±16.57	78.943±16.44	82.57±16.88	0.089
FVC, L	3.22±0.89	3.20±0.90	3.31±0.88	0.367
FVC, % predicted	78.52±15.83	78.04±15.71	80.42±16.25	0.241
FEV1/FVC ratio	81.01±9.54	80.50±9.95	83.04±7.46	0.038

Note:

a Fisher’s exact test.

Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.

Table 2 Characteristics and spirometry findings of participants with chronic obstructive lung disease

Characteristic	No COPD n=317	COPD n=59	P-value
Age, years mean ± SD	54.93±10.25	61.92±10.28	<0.001
Current smoker, n (%)	228 (71.9)	45 (76.3)	0.492
Pack-year, mean ± SD	53.61±33.10	66.49±38.46	0.009
Body mass index, mean ± SD	29.28±5.00	26.87±4.13	0.001
Chronic cough, n (%)	115 (36.3)	52 (88.1)	<0.001
Dyspnea, n (%)	194 (61.2)	55 (93.2)	<0.001
Wheezes, n (%)	73 (23.0)	32 (54.2)	<0.001
Chronic bronchitis, n (%)	48 (15.1)	41 (69.5)	<0.001
Previous COPD diagnosis, n (%)	4 (1.3)	5 (8.5)	0.006a
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	126 (39.7)	22 (37.3)	0.723
Hypertension, n (%)	220 (69.4)	37 (62.7)	0.310
Hyperlipidemia, n (%)	88 (27.8)	12 (20.3)	0.236
Pre-bronchodilator
FEV1, L	2.71±0.68	2.06±0.71	<0.001
FEV1, % predicted	82.29±15.41	65.64±15.61	<0.001
FEV1/FVC ratio	84.28±5.55	63.46±6.98	<0.001
Post-bronchodilator
FEV1, L	2.80±0.79	2.15±0.71	0.008
FEV1, % predicted	81.36±20.28	68.25±15.82	0.019
FEV1/FVC ratio	79.73±5.68	63.98±6.58	<0.001
CAD	246 (77.6)	54 (91.5)	0.014
Therapeutic strategy (CAD), n (%)
Percutaneous angioplasty	207 (65.3)	42 (71.2)	0.340a
Coronary artery bypass surgery	24 (7.6)	9 (15.3)
Medical therapy	15 (4.7)	3 (5.1)

Note:

a Fisher’s exact test.

Abbreviation: CAD, coronary artery disease.

Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression model for the predictors of COPD

Variables	Univariate logistic regression		Backward stepwise model
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
COPD (n=376)
Coronary artery disease	3.12 (1.20–8.09)	0.019	3.16 (1.10–9.09)	0.033
Age (years)	1.07 (1.04–1.10)	<0.001	1.07 (1.03–1.10)	<0.001
Chronic bronchitis	12.77 (6.77–24.05)	<0.001	13.07 (6.69–25.52)	<0.001
Pack-year	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	0.011	–	–
Active vs ex-smoker	1.26 (0.66–2.40)	0.492	–	–

Table 4 Spirometry findings according to therapeutic strategy of patients with coronary artery disease compared to patients without coronary artery disease

Parameters	No CAD	Medical therapy	PCI	CABG	ANOVA (F)	P-value
FEV1, L	2.77±0.74a	2.59±0.73	2.61±0.71	2.28±0.67a	3.66	0.013
FEV1, % predicted	82.57±16.88b	76.78±18.85	79.96±16.43	72.49±13.78b	3.10	0.027
FVC, L	3.31±0.88	3.20±0.88	3.24±0.89	2.90±0.93	1.65	0.177
FVC, % predicted	80.42±16.25	78.17±16.37	78.80±15.50	72.24±16.20	2.14	0.094
FEV1/FVC ratio	83.04±7.46	79.28±11.27	80.75±9.52	79.27±12.31	1.78	0.150

Note:

a,b Indicates significant (P<0.05) difference between the groups using Tukey’s HSD post hoc analysis.

Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass surgery.