The association between COPD and outcomes of patients with advanced chronic kidney disease

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographics and characteristics of COPD cohort and matched non-COPD cohort

Variables	Non-COPD cohort (n=1,820)	COPD cohort (n=1,820)	Standardized difference
Age (years, mean ± SD)	71.53±10.86	71.56±10.88	−0.003
Male gender	1,145 (62.91%)	1,142 (62.75%)	−0.003
Monthly income (New Taiwan dollar), n (%)
<19,100	991 (54.45%)	973 (53.46%)	0.010
19,100–41,999	749 (41.15%)	784 (43.08%)	−0.026
≥42,000	80 (4.40%)	63 (3.46%)	0.048
Hospital level, n (%)
Urban	685 (37.64%)	697 (38.30%)	−0.008
Suburban	453 (24.89%)	455 (25.00%)	−0.002
Rural	682 (37.47%)	668 (36.70%)	0.014
Baseline comorbidities
Charlson score	3.63±1.74	3.57±1.75	0.034
Myocardial infarction	36 (1.98%)	45 (2.47%)	0.034
Congestive heart failure	368 (20.22%)	368 (20.22%)	0.000
Peripheral vascular disease	31 (1.70%)	24 (1.32%)	−0.032
Cerebrovascular disease	201 (11.04%)	195 (10.71%)	−0.011
Dementia	42 (2.31%)	52 (2.86%)	0.035
Rheumatologic disease	10 (0.55%)	19 (1.04%)	0.056
Peptic ulcer disease	380 (20.88%)	374 (20.55%)	−0.008
Hemiplegia or paraplegia	9 (0.49%)	10 (0.55%)	0.008
Diabetes	829 (45.55%)	794 (43.63%)	−0.039
Moderate or severe liver disease	106 (5.82%)	82 (4.51%)	−0.060
Asthma	187 (10.27%)	190 (10.44%)	0.005
Medication for hypertension
Alpha-blocker	399 (21.92%)	420 (23.08%)	0.028
Beta-blocker	818 (44.95%)	814 (44.73%)	−0.004
Calcium channel blocker	1,358 (74.62%)	1,360 (74.73%)	0.003
Diuretic	1,255 (68.96%)	1,258 (69.12%)	0.004
ACEI or ARB	1,051 (57.75%)	1,044 (57.36%)	−0.008
Other medications
Aspirin	193 (10.60%)	197 (10.82%)	0.007
Clopidogrel	142 (7.80%)	155 (8.52%)	0.026
Ticlopidine	49 (2.69%)	57 (3.13%)	0.026
Dipyridamole	656 (36.04%)	666 (36.59%)	0.011
Nitrate	30 (1.65%)	36 (1.98%)	0.025
Statin	398 (21.87%)	407 (22.36%)	0.012
Proton pump inhibitor	264 (14.51%)	280 (15.38%)	0.025

Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker.

Table 2 Cumulative incidence rates and HRs of ESRD and mortality in COPD and non-COPD patients

	COPD			Non-COPD			Crude HR (95% CI)	aHRa (95% CI)	Competing risk
	Event	Person-year	IRb	Event	Person-year	IRb			aHRa (95% CI)
ESRD	1,443	1,939.08	744.2	1,429	1,972.08	724.6	1.03 (0.96, 1.11)	1.04 (0.96, 1.12)	1.04 (0.96, 1.11)
Mortality	994	6,553.03	151.7	838	6,679.34	125.5	1.21 (1.10, 1.33)	1.22 (1.11, 1.33)

Notes:

a Adjusted for propensity score.

b IR per 1,000 person-years.

Abbreviations: aHR, adjusted HR; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; IR, incidence rate.

Figure 1 Cumulative incidence of ESRD in patients with or without COPD.

Abbreviation: ESRD, end-stage renal disease.

Figure 2 Cumulative incidence of death in patients with or without COPD.

Table 3 Rates and risk ratio of cumulative incidence of ESRD in COPD and non-COPD patients by age and gender

	Cumulative incidence by age
	All age	40–54 years	55–69 years	>70 years
COPD patients
ESRD (n)	1,443	140	459	844
COPD patients (n)	1,820	153	525	1,142
Rate in COPD patients	0.79	0.92	0.87	0.74
Non-COPD patients
ESRD (n)	1,429	146	474	809
Non-COPD patients (n)	1,820	153	531	1,136
Rate in non-COPD patients	0.79	0.95	0.89	0.71
Risk ratio (95% CI)	1.01 (0.98, 1.04)	0.959 (0.90, 1.02)	0.98 (0.94, 1.02)	1.04 (0.99, 1.09)
COPD male
ESRD (n)	889	80	276	533
COPD male (n)	1,142	89	322	731
Rate in COPD male	0.78	0.90	0.86	0.73
Non-COPD male
ESRD (n)	889	91	296	502
Non-COPD male (n)	1,145	95	330	720
Rate in non-COPD male	0.78	0.96	0.90	0.70
Risk ratio	1.00 (0.96, 1.05)	0.94 (0.87, 1.02)	0.96 (0.90, 1.01)	1.05 (0.98, 1.12)
COPD female
ESRD (n)	554	60	183	311
COPD female (n)	678	64	203	411
Rate in COPD female	0.82	0.94	0.90	0.76
Non-COPD female
ESRD (n)	540	55	178	307
Non-COPD female (n)	675	58	201	416
Rate in non-COPD female	0.80	0.95	0.89	0.74
Risk ratio	1.02 (0.97, 1.08)	0.99 (0.91, 1.08)	1.02 (0.95, 1.09)	1.03 (0.95, 1.11)

Abbreviation: ESRD, end-stage renal disease.

Table 4 Rates and risk ratio of cumulative incidence of death in COPD and non-COPD patients by age and gender

	Cumulative incidence by age
	All age	40–54 years	55–69 years	>70 years
COPD patients
Death (n)	994	35	258	701
COPD patients (n)	1,820	153	525	1,142
Rate in COPD patients	0.55	0.23	0.49	0.61
Non-COPD patients
Death (n)	838	32	206	600
Non-COPD patients (n)	1,820	153	531	1,136
Rate in non-COPD patients	0.46	0.21	0.39	0.53
Risk ratio (95% CI)	1.19 (1.11, 1.27)	1.09 (0.72, 1.67)	1.27 (1.10, 1.45)	1.16 (1.08, 1.25)
COPD male
Death (n)	652	22	176	454
COPD male (n)	1,142	89	322	731
Rate in COPD male	0.57	0.25	0.55	0.62
Non-COPD male
Death (n)	523	24	132	367
Non-COPD male (n)	1,145	95	330	720
Rate in non-COPD male	0.46	0.25	0.40	0.51
Risk ratio	1.25 (1.15, 1.36)	0.98 (0.59, 1.62)	1.37 (1.16, 1.61)	1.22 (1.11, 1.34)
COPD female
Death (n)	342	13	82	247
COPD female (n)	678	64	203	411
Rate in COPD female	0.50	0.20	0.40	0.60
Non-COPD female
Death (n)	315	8	74	233
Non-COPD female (n)	675	58	201	416
Rate in non-COPD female	0.47	0.14	0.37	0.56
Risk ratio	1.08 (0.97, 1.21)	1.47 (0.66, 3.30)	1.10 (0.86, 1.40)	1.07 (0.96, 1.21)