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Original Research

Bulgecin A as a β-lactam enhancer for carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates containing various resistance mechanisms

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Pages 3013-3020 | Published online: 20 Sep 2016

Figures & data

Figure 1 Bulgecin A.

Figure 1 Bulgecin A.

Table 1 MIC (mg/L) results for clinical strains

Figure 2 Growth curves of ACB clinical strains with antibiotics and BlgA extract.

Notes: (A) Escherichia coli MC1061 positive control with inoculum 1 µL of a 1:10 dilution of overnight culture with 0.01 mg/L aztreonam and 10% BlgA extract. (B) Growth curves of MDR Acinetobacter baumannii strain UH83 with inoculum 1 µL of a 1:10 dilution of overnight culture (OD600 nm vs time in minutes). Diamonds (top curve), no antibiotics; squares, 0.02 mg/L meropenem alone; triangles, 10% bulgecin extract alone; circles (bottom curve), 10% bulgecin extract with 0.02 mg/L meropenem (three determinations ±5% error). (C) Growth curves of A. baumannii strain UH10 with inoculum 1 µL of a 1:10 dilution of overnight culture (OD600 nm vs time in minutes). Diamonds (top curve), no antibiotics; squares, 0.03 mg/L ampicillin/0.15 mg/L sulbactam alone; triangles, 10% bulgecin extract alone; circles (bottom curve), 10% bulgecin extract with 0.03 mg/L ampicillin/0.15 mg/L sulbactam (three determinations ±5% error).
Figure 2 Growth curves of ACB clinical strains with antibiotics and BlgA extract.

Figure 3 Growth curves of PSDA clinical strains with antibiotics and BlgA extract.

Notes: (A) Growth curves of CR-PSDA strain CL-231 PDC-5 hyperproducing strain 1 µL of 1:1 overnight culture inoculum (OD600 nm vs time in minutes). Diamonds (top curve), no antibiotics; squares, 0.03 mg/L meropenem alone; triangles, 10% bulgecin extract alone; circles (bottom curve), 10% bulgecin extract with 0.03 mg/L meropenem (three determinations ±5% error). (B) Growth curves of CR-PSDA strain 860 efflux strain 1 µL of 1:2 overnight culture inoculum (OD600 nm vs time in minutes). Diamonds (top curve), no antibiotics; squares, 0.03 mg/L meropenem alone; triangles, 10% bulgecin extract alone; circles (bottom curve), 10% bulgecin extract with 0.03 mg/L meropenem (three determinations ±5% error). (C) Growth curves of CR-PSDA strain 860 efflux strain 1 µL of 1:10 overnight culture inoculum (OD600 nm vs time in minutes). Diamonds (top curve), no antibiotics; squares, 0.03 mg/L meropenem alone; triangles, 10% bulgecin extract alone; circles (bottom curve), 10% bulgecin extract with 0.03 mg/L meropenem (three determinations ±5% error). (D) CR-PSDA strain R96 VIM-2 producer 1 µL of 1:10 overnight culture inoculum (OD600 nm vs time in minutes). Diamonds (top curve), no antibiotics; squares, 0.03 mg/L meropenem alone; triangles, 10% bulgecin extract alone; circles (bottom curve), 10% bulgecin extract with 0.03 mg/L meropenem (three determinations ±5% error).
Abbreviation: CR-PSDA, carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Figure 3 Growth curves of PSDA clinical strains with antibiotics and BlgA extract.

Figure 4 IC50 expressed as percent concentration of bulgecin A extract to inhibit VIM-2 β-lactamase hydrolysis activity.

Figure 4 IC50 expressed as percent concentration of bulgecin A extract to inhibit VIM-2 β-lactamase hydrolysis activity.