Facilitated saliva secretion and reduced oral inflammation by a novel artificial saliva system in the treatment of salivary hypofunction

Figures & data

Figure 1 Saliva flow rate (μL/min/100 g) after a single application of DM-formulations in normal rats.

Notes: Saliva flow rate was calculated by dividing the accumulated volume of saliva collected by the body weight of the rat. Vertical bars represent ± SD (n=10). Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test; *P<0.05 versus normal saline; ^#P<0.05 versus DM-sol.
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; min, minute; DM-sol, DM solution.

Table 1 Mean inhibition zone diameters (mm) of DM-formulations against S. aureus, C. albicans, and A. viscosus

Microorganisms	Blanka,b	DM-solb	DM-gelb
S. aureus	0	13.38±0.57	10.80±0.36
C. albicans	0	13.04±0.30	11.20±0.70
A. viscosus	0	49.65±0.89	49.98±0.55

Notes:

a Blank indicates no drug-containing disc.

b Data are mean ± SD (n=3).

Abbreviations: A. viscosus, Actinomyces viscosus; C. albicans, Candida albicans; SD, standard deviation; S. aureus, Staphylococcus aureus; DM-sol, DM solution.

Figure 2 Histological observation of the buccal mucosa.

Notes: (A) Normal mice and diabetic mice with hyposalivation after repeated application of (B) vehicle, (C) DM-sol, and (D) DM-gel for 4 weeks.

Abbreviation: DM-sol, DM solution.

Figure 3 Histopathological scores of the buccal mucosa after repeated application of 1) vehicle, 2) DM-sol, and 3) DM-gel for 4 weeks in diabetic mice with hyposalivation.

Notes: The histopathological severity in the oral mucosa was scored 0 (negative), 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), and 3 (severe), by assessing the degree of mucosal atrophy, superficial epithelial degeneration, and submucosal inflammatory infiltration. Vertical bars represent ± SD (n=7−8), and statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test; *P<0.05 versus vehicle.
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; DM-sol, DM solution.

Figure 4 Changes in buccal mucosa thickness after repeated application of 1) vehicle, 2) DM-sol, and 3) DM-gel for 4 weeks in diabetic mice with hyposalivation. Vertical bars represent ± SD (n=7−8). Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test; *P<0.05 versus vehicle.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; DM-sol, DM solution.

Figure 5 Histological observation of the gingival gingiva.

Notes: (A) Normal mice and diabetic mice with hyposalivation after repeated application of (B) vehicle, (C) DM-sol, and (D) DM-gel for 4 weeks.

Abbreviation: DM-sol, DM solution.

Figure 6 Neutrophil levels in the gingival gingiva of 1) normal mice and diabetic mice with hyposalivation after repeated application of 2) vehicle, 3) DM-sol, and 4) DM-gel for 4 weeks.

Notes: The number of neutrophils represented an average of counts per viewing field (400× magnification), and vertical bars represent ± SD (n=7−8). Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test; *P<0.05 versus vehicle.
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; DM-sol, DM solution.