Effects of Dexmedetomidine Administered Through Different Routes on Kidney Tissue in Rats with Spinal Cord Ischaemia–Reperfusion Injury

Figures & data

Figure 1 The rats were randomized into five groups.

Table 1 Renal Tissue Histopathological Findings [Median (25%-75%)]

	Group C (n=6)	Group IR (n=6)	Group IRIVD (n=6)	Group IRITD (n=6)	Group IRIPD (n=6)	P**
Glomerular vacuolization (GV)	0.00 (0–1)	1.00 (0–1)	0.50 (0–1)	0.00 (0–1)	0.00 (0–1)	0.795
Tubular dilatation (TD)	0.00 (0–1)	1.00 (1–2)*	0.50 (0–1)^&	0.50 (0–1)^&	0.50 (0–1)^&	0.026
Vascular vacuolization ve hypertrophy (VVH)	0.00 (0–0.25)	1.00 (1–1.25)*	0.00 (0–0)^&	0.00 (0–0)^&	0.00 (0–0)^&	0.010
Tubular cell degeneration ve necrosis (TCDN)	0.00 (0–1)	1.00 (1–1.25)*	0.00 (0–1)^&	0.00 (0–1)^&	0.50 (0–1)^&	0.034
Bowman space dilatation (BSD)	0.00 (0–1)	1.00 (0.75–1)	0.00 (0–1)	0.50 (0–1)	0.00 (0–1)	0.370
Tubular hyaline cylinders (THC)	0.00 (0–1)	1.00 (0.75–1)	0.50 (0–1)	0.50 (0–1)	0.50 (0–1)	0.567
Lymphocyte infiltration (LI)	0.00 (0–0.25)	1.00 (1–1.25)*	0.00± (0–1)^&	0.00 (0–1)^&	1.00 (0–1)	0.010
Tubular cell shedding (TCS)	0.00 (0–0.25)	1.00 (0.75–1)	0.00 (0–1)	0.50 (0–1)	0.50 (0–1)	0.225

Notes: P**Significance level with Kruskal–Wallis test; p< 0.05. *p<0.05: Compared with Group C; ^&p<0.05: Compared with Group IR.

Abbreviations: Group C, group control; Group IR, group ischaemia-reperfusion; Group IRIVD, group ischaemia-reperfusion intravenous dexmedetomidine; Group IRITD, group ischaemia-reperfusion intrathecal dexmedetomidine; Group IRIPD, group ischaemia-reperfusion intraperitoneal dexmedetomidine.

Figure 2 Normal kidney tissue, Group C, H&Ex100.

Note: Image shows histopathologic analysis of kidney samples.

Abbreviations: g, glomerulus; dt, distal tubule; pt, proximal tubule; C, cortex; ^, Bowman space; RC, renal cortex.

Figure 3 Group IR, H&Ex100.

Abbreviations: g, glomerulus; dt, distal tubule; pt, proximal tubule; m, macula densa; inf, inflammation; conj, congestion; ↓, dilated tubule.

Figure 4 Group IRIVD, H&Ex100.

Abbreviations: g, glomerulus; dt, distal tubule; pt, proximal tubule; RC, renal cortex; m, macula densa.

Figure 5 Group IRITD, H&Ex100.

Abbreviations: g, glomerulus; dt, distal tubule; pt, proximal tubule; ^, Bowman space; ↓, dilated tubule.

Figure 6 Group IRIPD group, H&Ex100.

Abbreviations: g, glomerulus; dt, distal tubule; pt, proximal tubule; RC, renal cortex; ↓, dilated tubule.

Table 2 Rat Kidney Tissue Oxidant Status Parameters [Mean ± SD]

	Group C (n=6)	Group IR (n=6)	Group IRIVD (n=6)	Group IRITD (n=6)	Group IRIPD (n=6)	P**
TOS (IU/mg.protein)	13.63±1.40	18.80±1.69*	13.55±1.43^&	14.25±1.77^&	15.82±1.96*,^&	<0.0001
TAS (nmol/mL)	1.63±0.09	1.29±0.09*	1.58±0.12^&	1.57±0.14^&	1.51±0.15^&	0.001
OSI (AU)	0.08±0.01	0.15±0.02*	0.09±0.01^&	0.09±0.02^&	0.11±0.01*,^&	<0.0001
SOD (ng/gram tissue)	1657.55±283.35	650.33±121.48*	1573.73±279.03^&	1586.69±158.33^&	1266.19±115.35^&	<0.0001
MDA (nmol/gram tissue)	1223.13±266.16	2426.50±256.75*	1352.66±275.25^&	1471.84±107.92^&	1606.75±235.99^&	<0.0001

Notes: P**Significance level with Kruskal–Wallis test; p< 0.05.*p<0.05: Compared with Group C; ^&p<0.05: Compared with Group IR.

Abbreviations: Group C, group control; Group IR, group ischaemia-reperfusion; Group IRIVD, group ischaemia-reperfusion intravenous dexmedetomidine; Group IRITD, group ischaemia-reperfusion intrathecal dexmedetomidine; Group IRIPD, group ischaemia-reperfusion intraperitoneal dexmedetomidine, TOS, total oxidant status; TAS, total antioxidant status; OSI, oxidative stress index; AU, arbitrary units; SOD, superoxide dismutase; MDA, malondialdehyde.