Vitamin D deficiency and the risk of tuberculosis: a meta-analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow diagram of the publication selection process.

Figure 2 (A) Forest plot of comparison of vitamin D level (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]) in TB patients vs control: overall effect for continuous outcome using a random-effect model. (B) Forest plot of association between VDD and risk of TB: overall effect for dichotomous outcome using a random-effect model. The diamonds stand for pooled effect.

Abbreviations: TB, tuberculosis; vit, vitamin; VDD, vitamin D deficiency; SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; df, degrees of freedom; IV, independent variable.

Figure 3 (A) Forest plot of comparison of serum 25(OH)D level in active TB patients vs LTBI subjects/household contacts of active TB patients: overall effect for continuous outcome using a random-effect model. (B) Forest plot of association between VDD and risk of developing active TB in LTBI subjects or household contacts of TB patients: overall effect for dichotomous outcome using a random-effect model. (C) Forest plot of association between VDD and risk of TST conversion/TBIC: overall effect for dichotomous outcome using a fixed-effect model. The diamonds stand for pooled effect.

Abbreviations: TB, tuberculosis; LTBI, latent TB infection; vit, vitamin; VDD, vitamin D deficiency; TST, tuberculin skin test; TBIC, TB infection conversion; SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; df, degrees of freedom; IV, independent variable.

Figure 4 (A) Forest plot of comparison of serum 25(OH)D level in HIV-TB-coinfected patients vs HIV patients without active TB: overall effect for continuous outcome using a random-effect model. (B) Forest plot of association between VDD and risk of TB in HIV-infected patients: overall effect for dichotomous outcome using a random-effect model. (C) Forest plot comparing 25(OH)D level in HIV-TB-coinfected patients receiving ART who developed TB-IRIS vs HIV-TB-coinfected patients receiving ART who did not develop TB-IRIS: overall effect for continuous outcome using a fixed-effect model. The diamonds stand for pooled effect.

Abbreviations: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; TB, tuberculosis; ART, antiretroviral therapy; TB-IRIS, TB-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome; vit, vitamin; VDD, vitamin D deficiency; SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; df, degrees of freedom; IV, independent variable.

Figure 5 (A) Forest plot of the effect of 1–4 months of anti-TB treatment on vitamin D level (25(OH)D) in TB patients: overall effect for continuous outcome using a random-effect model. (B) Forest plot of the effect of a full course of anti-TB treatment on vitamin D level (25(OH)D) in TB patients: overall effect for continuous outcome using a random-effect model. (C) Forest plot of comparison of vitamin D level (25(OH)D) in TB patients after anti-TB treatment vs control without TB: overall effect for continuous outcome using a random-effect model. The diamonds stand for pooled effect.

Abbreviations: TB, tuberculosis; SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; vit, vitamin; df, degrees of freedom; IV, independent variable.

Figure 6 Forest plot of comparison of the level of the vitamin D metabolite – serum/plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) in TB patients vs control without TB: overall effect for continuous outcome using a random-effect model.

Note: The diamonds stand for pooled effect.
Abbreviations: TB, tuberculosis; SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; df, degrees of freedom; IV, independent variable.