Magnitude and Associated Factors of Metabolic Syndrome Among Adult Urban Dwellers of Northern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic, Lifestyle, and Clinical Characteristics of the Participants (n=266)

Variables	Categories	All (n=266) n (%)	Men=124 (46.6%)	Women=142 (53.4%)	p-value^a
Age (mean (SD))		37.96 (14.76)	39.18 (14.87)	36.89 (14.64)	0.209^b
Marital status	Single	73 (27.4)	46 (37.1)	27 (19.0)	0.003*
	Married	179 (67.3)	74 (59.7)	105 (73.9)
	Others ^c	14 (5.3)	4 (3.2)	10 (7.0)
Educational status	No formal education	27 (10.1)	6 (4.8)	21 (14.8)	0.007*
	Literate	239 (89.9)	118 (95.2)	121 (85.2)
Occupation	Employed	98 (36.8)	67 (54.0)	31 (21.8)	<0.001*
	Housewife	63 (23.7)	0 (0.0)	63 (43.7)
	Merchant	53 (19.3)	30 (24.2)	23 (16.2)
	Daily laborer	14 (5.3)	9 (7.3)	5 (3.5)
	Student	9 (3.4)	0 (0.0)	9 (6.3)
	Others ^d	30 (11.3)	18 (14.5)	12 (8.5)
Number of family members	1–3	91 (34.2)	46 (37.1)	45 (31.7)	0.647
	4–6	133 (50.0)	59 (47.6)	74 (52.1)
	≥7	42 (15.8)	19 (15.3)	23 (16.2)
Current smoker	Yes	13 (4.9)	13 (10.5)	0 (0.0)	<0.001*
	No	253 (95.1)	111 (89.5)	142 (100.0)
Alcohol consumption (current)	Yes	215 (80.8)	108 (87.1)	107 (75.4)	0.015*
	No	51 (19.2)	16 (12.9)	35 (24.6)
Living with smokers (current)	Yes	11 (4.1)	7 (5.6)	4 (2.8)	0.248
	No	255 (95.9)	117 (94.4)	138 (97.2)
	No	262 (98.5)	123 (99.2)	139 (97.9)
Formal exercise	Yes	11 (4.1)	10 (8.1)	1 (0.7)	0.003*
	No	255 (95.9)	114 (91.9)	141 (99.3)
Intensity of activity of daily work	Low	25 (9.4)	18 (14.5)	7 (4.9)	0.027*
	Moderate	210 (78.9)	93 (75.0)	117 (82.4)
	Vigorous	31 (11.7)	13 (10.5)	18 (12.7)

Notes: *Significant difference, ^aChi-square test, ^bStudent ’s t-test, ^cdivorced, widowed, separated, and temporary relationship, ^dbroker and driver.

Abbreviation: N/A, not applicable.

Table 2 Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components Stratified by Sex (n = 266)

Variables	Categories	Overall (n=266) n (%)	Gender		P-value (X^2)
			Men (n=124) n (%)	Women (n=142), n (%)
MetS	Yes	58 (21.8)	23 (18.5)	35 (24.6)	0.238
	No	208 (78.2)	101 (81.5)	107 (75.4)
Waist circumference (M/W)	<94/80 cm	155 (58.3)	92 (74.2)	63 (44.4)	<0.001*
	≥94/80 cm	111 (41.7)	32 (25.8)	79 (55.6)
Fasting Blood glucose	<100 mg/dL	209 (78.6)	93 (75.0)	116 (81.7)	0.231
	≥100 mg/dL	57 (21.4)	31 (25.0)	26 (18.3)
Triglyceride	<150 mg/dL	165 (62.0)	65 (52.4)	100 (70.4)	0.003*
	≥150 mg/dL	101 (38.0)	59 (47.6)	42 (29.6)
HDL-C (M/W)	>40/50 mg/dL	228 (85.7)	114 (91.9)	114 (80.3)	0.008*
	<40/50 mg/dL	38 (14.3)	10 (8.1)	28 (19.7)
Blood pressure	Normal (<130/85)	153 (57.5)	71 (57.3)	82 (57.7)	0.936
	Raised (≥130/85)	113 (42.5)	53 (42.7)	60 (42.3)
SBP	<130 mmHg	176 (66.2)	82 (66.1)	94 (66.2)	0.991
	≥130 mmHg	90 (33.8)	42 (33.9)	48 (33.8)
DBP	<85 mmHg	179 (67.3)	81 (65.3)	98 (69.0)	0.600
	≥85 mmHg	87 (32.7)	43 (34.7)	44 (31.0)

Note: *Significant difference.

Abbreviations: MetS, metabolic syndrome; SBP, systolic blood pressure, DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; M/W, men/women.

Table 3 The Distribution of MetS Among the Participants Stratified by Sex (n=266)

Variables	Categories	Metabolic Syndrome
		Overall (%) 58 (21.8%))	Men (%) 23 (18.5%)	Women (%) 35(24.6%)	p-value (X^2) 0.229
Age	20–39	19 (11.3)	8 (10.8)	11 (11.7)	0.790
	≥40	39 (39.8)	15 (30.0)	24 (50.0)
Monthly income (ranked)	Low	9 (8.8)	1 (1.9)	8 (16.7)	0.018*
	Medium	21 (25.3)	13 (30.2)	8 (20.0)
	High	28 (34.6)	9 (33.3)	19 (35.2)
Fasting blood glucose	Normal	26 (12.4)	8 (8.6)	18 (15.5)	0.255
	Pre-diabetes	16 (45.7)	9 (47.4)	7 (43.8)
	Diabetes	16 (72.7)	6 (50.0)	10 (100.0)
Triglyceride	<150	9 (5.5)	2 (3.1)	7 (7.0)	0.220
	150–199	14 (35.9)	4 (20.0)	10 (52.6)
	≥200	35 (56.5)	17 (43.6)	18 (78.3)
Total cholesterol	<200	26 (13.9)	11 (12.4)	15 (15.3)	0.929
	200–239	19 (40.4)	7 (31.8)	12 (48.0)
	≥240	13 (40.6)	5 (38.5)	8 (42.1)
HDL-C (M/W)	≥40/50	38 (16.7)	114(91.9)	114(80.3)	0.098
	<40/50	20 (52.6)	10 (8.1)	28 (19.7)
LDL-C	<130	14 (10.6)	5 (7.7)	9 (13.4)	0.904
	130–159	13 (28.9)	5 (25.0)	8 (32.0)
	160–189	10 (25.6)	5 (27.8)	5 (23.8)
	≥190	21 (42.0)	8 (38.1)	13 (44.8)
Systolic blood pressure	<130 mmHg	16 (9.1)	8 (9.8)	8 (8.5)	0.320
	≥130 mmHg	42 (46.7)	15 (35.7)	27 (56.3)
Diastolic blood pressure	<85 mmHg	19 (10.6)	6 (7.4)	13 (13.3)	0.380
	≥85 mmHg	39 (44.8)	17 (39.5)	22 (50.0)
Body mass index	Underweight	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.044*
	Normal	16 (10.7)	5 (6.9)	11 (14.1)
	Overweight	24 (38.1)	14 (41.2)	10 (34.5)
	Obese	18 (66.7)	4 (50.0)	14 (73.7)
WC (cm) (M/W)	<94/80	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	NA
	≥94/80	58 (52.3)	23 (71.9)	35 (44.3)
W-Ht-R (M/W)	<0.49/0.50	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.901
	≥0.49/0.50	58 (36.7)	23 (31.5)	35 (41.2)
W-Hip-R (M/W)	<0.88/0.82	2 (2.5)	1 (2.2)	1 (2.9)	0.039*
	≥0.88/0.82	56 (30.1)	22 (27.8)	34 (31.8)

Note: *Significant difference.

Abbreviations: HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; M/W, men/women; SD, standard deviation; WC, waist circumference; W-Ht-R, waist to height ratio; W-Hip-R, waist to hip ratio.

Figure 1 Variation of different metabolic disorders with BMI cutoffs among the participants (n = 266).

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS, metabolic syndrome; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference.

Figure 2 Variation in the mean value of different CVD risk factors with MetS status of the participants (n = 266).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (kg/m²); DBP, diastolic blood pressure (mmHg); FBG, fasting blood glucose (mg/dL); HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL); LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL); MetS, metabolic syndrome; SBP, systolic blood pressure (mmHg); TC, total cholesterol (mg/dL); TG, triglyceride (mg/dL); WC, waist circumference (cm); W-Ht-R, waist to height ratio; W-Hip-R, waist to hip ratio.

Table 4 Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Mekelle City (n=266)

Variables	Categories	Metabolic Syndrome		cOR (95% CI)	p-value	aOR (95% CI)	p-value
		Yes (n (%))	No (n (%))
Age	20–39	19 (11.3)	149 (88.7)	1		1
	≥40	39 (39.8)	59 (60.2)	5.184 (2.773,9.692)	<0.001*	2.545 (1.201,5.392)	0.015*
Sex	Female	35 (24.6)	107 (75.4)	1.436 (0.794,2.597)	0.231
	Male	23 (18.5)	101 (81.5)	1
Educational status	Illiterate	7 (25.9)	20 (74.1)	1
	1–12	30 (19.7)	122 (80.3)	0.703 (0.272,1.815)	0.466
	>13	21 (24.1)	66 (75.9)	0.909 (0.337,2.449)	0.850
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	<25.0	16 (9.1)	160 (90.9)	1		1
	≥25.0	42 (46.7)	48 (53.3)	8.750 (4.522,16.929)	<0.001*	5.411 (2.549,11.487)	<0.001*
Monthly income (ranked)	Low	9 (8.8)	93 (91.2)	1		1
	Medium	21 (25.3)	62 (74.7)	3.500 (1.504,8.143)	0.004*	2.807 (1.028,7.669)	0.044*
	High	28 (34.6)	53 (65.4)	5.459 (2.396,12.436)	<0.001*	4.221 (1.606,11.094)	0.003*
Total Cholesterol (mg/dl)	<200.0	26 (13.9)	161 (86.1)	1		1
	≥200.0	32 (40.5)	47 (59.5)	4.216 (2.288,7.768)	<0.001*	2.453 (1.172,5.132)	0.017*
Type of oil	Liquid	25 (18.8)	108 (81.2)	1
	Solid	33 (24.8)	100 (75.2)	1.426 (0.793,2.563)	0.236
Sitting time per day	<6 hours	37 (20.4)	144 (79.6)	1
	≥6 hours	21 (24.7)	64 (75.3)	1.277 (0.693,2.353)	0.433
Waist to hip ratio (M/W)	<0.88/.0.82	2 (2.5)	78 (97.5)	1		1
	≥0.88/0.82	56 (30.1)	130 (69.9)	16.800 (3.988,70.773)	<0.001*	4.910 (1.076,22.402)	0.040*
Walking at least 10 minutes daily	Yes	43 (19.1)	182 (80.9)	1		1
	No	15 (36.6)	26 (63.4)	2.442 (1.192,5.002)	0.015*	2.847 (1.112,7.290)	0.029*
Formal exercise	Yes	3 (9.1)	30 (90.9)	1		1
	No	55 (23.6)	178 (76.4)	3.090 (0.908,10.56)	0.071
Current alcohol consumption	Yes	47 (22.1)	166 (77.9)	1.081 (0.516,2.263)	0.836
	No	11 (20.8)	42 (79.2)	1

Note: Maximum SE: 0.774, Hosmer Lemeshow: 0.721, *Significant association.

Abbreviations: cOR, crude odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.