Magnitude and Associated Factors of Metabolic Syndrome Among Adult Urban Dwellers of Northern Ethiopia

References

• Grundy S , Bryan Brewer H , Cleeman J , et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the national heart, lung and blood institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation . 2004;109(3):433–438. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000111245.75752.C6 14744958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberti KG , Eckel RH , Grundy SM , et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; national heart, lung, and blood institute; American Heart Association; world heart federation; international. Circulation . 2009;120(16):1640–1645. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644 19805654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saklayen MG . The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep . 2018;20(2):1–8. doi:10.1007/s11906-018-0812-z 29349522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Think piece: why is 2018 a strategically important year for NCDs? WHO independent high-level commission on NCDs. Think. 2018; 1–12
   Google Scholar
• Scholze J , Alegria E , Ferri C , et al. Epidemiological and economic burden of metabolic syndrome and its consequences in patients with hypertension in Germany, Spain and Italy; a prevalence-based model. BMC Public Health . 2010;10(1):529. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-529 20813031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra A , Khurana L . Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2008;93(11_supplement_1):S9–S30. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1595 18987276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan V , Deepa M . The metabolic syndrome in developing countries. Diabetes Voice. 2006:51.
   Google Scholar
• Adediran O , Akintunde AA , Edo AE , et al. Impact of urbanization and gender on frequency of metabolic syndrome among native Abuja settlers in Nigeria. J Cardiovasc Dis Res . 2012;3(3):191–196. doi:10.4103/0975-3583.98890 22923935
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vorster HH . The emergence of cardiovascular disease during urbanization of Africans. Public Health Nutr . 2002;5(1a):239–243. doi:10.1079/PHN2001299 12027290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peer N , Steyn K , Lombard C , et al. A high burden of hypertension in the urban black population of Cape Town: the cardiovascular Risk in Black South Africans (CRISBA) study. PLoS One . 2013;8(11):11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradeilles R , Griffiths PL , Norris SA , et al. Socio-economic influences on anthropometric status in urban South African adolescents: sex differences in the birth to twenty plus cohort. Public Health Nutr . 2015;18(16):2998–3012. doi:10.1017/S1368980015000415 25757478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. WHO independent high-level commission on non-communicable diseases version dated 1 may 2018. WHO 2018 Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272710/9789241514163-eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 1 28, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Report of the WHO independent high-level commission on non-communicable diseases. WHO, Geneva 2018 Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272710/9789241514163-eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 1 28, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Mathers CD , Loncar D , Samet J . Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med . 2006;3(11):e442. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442 17132052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyasi RM , Phillips DR , Meeks S . Aging and the rising burden of noncommunicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa and other low-and middle-income countries: a call for holistic action. Gerontologist . 2020;60(5):806–811. doi:10.1093/geront/gnz102 31322656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misganaw A , Haregu TN , Deribe K , et al. National mortality burden due to communicable, non-communicable, and other diseases in Ethiopia, 1990–2015: findings from the global burden of disease study 2015. Popul Health Metrics . 2017;15(1):29. doi:10.1186/s12963-017-0145-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misganaw A , Mariam DH , Araya T , et al. Patterns of mortality in public and private hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health . 2012;12(1):1. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-1007 22214479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misganaw A , Mariam DH , Ali A , et al. Epidemiology of major non-communicable diseases in ethiopia: a systematic review. J Health Popul Nutr . 2014;32(1):1–13.24847587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiferaw F , Letebo M , Misganaw A , et al. Non-communicable diseases in Ethiopia: disease burden, gaps in health care delivery and strategic directions. Ethiop J Health Dev . 2018;32:3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebreyes YF , Goshu DY , Geletew TK , et al. Prevalence of high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome and their determinants in Ethiopia: evidences from the National NCDs STEPS. PLoS One . 2018;13(5):1–18. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194819
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadewos A , Egeno T , Amsalu A . Risk factors of metabolic syndrome among hypertensive patients at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. BMC Cardiovasc Disord . 2017;17(1):218. doi:10.1186/s12872-017-0648-5 28789613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirigo AT , Tesfaye DY . Influences of gender in metabolic syndrome and its components among people living with HIV virus using antiretroviral treatment in Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes . 2016;9(1):1–7. doi:10.1186/s13104-016-1953-2 26725043
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsegay B , Alemishet Y , Fessahaye A , et al. Prevalence of lipodystrophy and metabolic syndrome among HIV positive individuals on highly active anti-retroviral treatment in Jimma, South West Ethiopia. Pan Afr Med J . 2012;13(43):1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Woyesa SB , Hirigo AT , Wube TB . Hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Hawassa university comprehensive specialized hospital, South West Ethiopia. BMC Endocr Disord . 2017;17(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/s12902-017-0226-y 28183304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edris A , Leja H , Fassil T , et al. Metabolic syndrome and associated factors among outpatients of Jimma university teaching hospital. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes . 2016;9:47–53. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S97561 27019600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tachebele B , Abebe M , Addis Z , et al. Metabolic syndrome among hypertensive patients at University of Gondar Hospital, North West Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord . 2014;14(1):177. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-14-177 25481843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran A , Gelaye B , Girma B , et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among working adults in Ethiopia. Int J Hypertens . 2011;2011.
   Google Scholar
• Birarra M , Gelayee D . Metabolic syndrome among type 2 diabetic patients in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord . 2018;18(1):1–12. doi:10.1186/s12872-018-0880-7 29301486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. The WHO STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance (STEPS). Geneva, Switzerland V2.1 Available from: www.who.int/chp/steps.
   Google Scholar
• Bland M , Altman D . Statistics notes: cronbach’s alpha. Br Med J . 1997;314(7080):314–572. doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7080.572
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marfell-Jones M , Stewart A , de Ridder J . International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment . Wellington, New Zealand: International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry; 2012 https://repository.openpolytechnic.ac.nz/handle/11072/1510. Accessed 1 28, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Alberti K , Zimmet P , Shaw J . Metabolic syndrome — a new world-wide definition. A consensus statement from the international diabetes federation. Diabet Med . 2006;23(5):469–480. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01858.x 16681555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Cholesterol Education Program (US). Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA . 2001;285(19):2486–2497. doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 11368702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas G , Nicol F , Robertson C . Macleod’s Clinical Examination E-Book . 13th ed. UK:  Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Sinaga M , Worku M , Yemane T , et al. Optimal cut-off for obesity and markers of metabolic syndrome for Ethiopian adults. Nutr J . 2018;17(1):1–12. doi:10.1186/s12937-018-0416-0 29304811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vyas S , Kumaranayake L . Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis. Health Policy Plan . 2006;21(6):459–468. doi:10.1093/heapol/czl029 17030551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerie S , Menberu M , Geneto M . Metabolic syndrome among residents of Mizan-Aman town, South West Ethiopia, 2017: a cross sectional study. PLoS One . 2019;3:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Tadewos A , Egeno T , Amsalu A . Risk factors of metabolic syndrome among hypertensive patients at Hawassa University comprehensive specialized hospital. BMC Cardiovasc Disord . 2017;17(1):1–9 28052754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvaraj P , Muthunarayanan L . Lifestyle prevalence of metabolic syndrome and associated risk factors among men in a rural health centre area in Tamil Nadu. J Lifestyle Med . 2019;9(1):44–51. doi:10.15280/jlm.2019.9.1.44 30918833
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roomi MA , Mohammadnezhad M . Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among apparently healthy workforce. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad . 2019;31(2):252–254.31094127
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herningtyas EH , Ng TS . Prevalence and distribution of metabolic syndrome and its components among provinces and ethnic groups in Indonesia. BMC Public Health . 2019;19(1):1–12. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6711-7 30606151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger MJ , Nell TA . The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a farm worker community in the Boland district, South Africa. BMC Public Health . 2017;17(1):1–10. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3973-1 28049454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omuse G , Maina D , Hoffman M , et al. Metabolic syndrome and its predictors in an urban population in Kenya: a cross sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord . 2017;17(1):1–11. doi:10.1186/s12902-016-0144-4 28183304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tshikuka J , Tsima B , Mwita J , Tsima B , Nkomazana O , Amone_P’ Olak K . Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional survey of general medical outpatient clinics using National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria in Botswana. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes . 2016;9:273–279. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S109007 27616893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young E , Okafor C , Iroezindu M , et al. Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and lipids in African women. Niger J Clin Pract . 2016;9(6).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nshisso L , Reese A , Gelaye B , et al. Prevalence of hypertension and diabetes among Ethiopian Adults. Diabet Metab Syndr . 2012;6(1):36–41.
   Google Scholar
• Sabir A , Jimoh A , Iwuala S , et al. Metabolic syndrome in urban city of North-Western Nigeria: prevalence and determinants. Pan Afr Med J . 2016;23:19. doi:10.11604/pamj.2016.23.19.5806 27200125
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khthir R , Espina FL . The metabolic syndrome in rural UAE: the effect of gender, ethnicity and the environment in its prevalence. J Metab Synd . 2014;3(4):8–12.
   Google Scholar
• Hajian-tilaki K . Metabolic syndrome and its associated risk factors in Iranian adults: a systematic review. Caspian J Intern Med . 2015;6(2):51–61.26221500
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magalhães P , Capingana DP , Mill JG . Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and determination of optimal cut-off values of waist circumference in university employees from Angola. Cardiovasc J Afr . 2014;25(1):27–33. doi:10.5830/CVJA-2013-086 24626517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran BT , Jeong BY , Oh J . The prevalence trend of metabolic syndrome and its components and risk factors in Korean adults: results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008 – 2013. BMC Public Health . 2017;17(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3936-6 28049454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeboah K , Dodam K , Affrim PK , et al. Metabolic syndrome and parental history of cardiovascular disease in young adults in urban Ghana. BMC Public Health . 2018;18(1):96. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4652-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sareen S , Jack L . Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism . 6th ed. Yolanda Cossio; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Workalemahu T , Gelaye B , Berhane Y , et al. Original article physical activity and metabolic syndrome among Ethiopian Adults. Am J Hypertens . 2013;26(4):535–540. doi:10.1093/ajh/hps079 23422933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra A , Khurana L . Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2008;93(11_supplement_1):9–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ofer K , Ronit L , Ophir A , Amir K . Normal body mass index (BMI) can rule out metabolic syndrome. Medicine . 2019;98(9).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson AA , Yoo H , Franke WD . Associations of physical activity and obesity with the risk of developing the metabolic syndrome in law enforcement officers. JOEM . 2016;58(9).
   Google Scholar
• Goodpaster BH , Krishnaswami S , Harris TB , et al. Obesity, regional body fat distribution, and the metabolic syndrome in older men and women. Arch Intern Med . 2005;165(7):777–783. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.7.777 15824297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen NT , Magno CP , Lane KT , et al. Association of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome with obesity: findings from the national health and nutrition examination survey, 1999 to 2004. J Am Coll Surg . 2008;207(6):928–934. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.08.022 19183541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thang S , Michael E . Metabolic syndrome. Medicine . 2015;43(2):80–87. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2014.11.006
   Google Scholar