Early Predictors in the Onset of Type 2 Diabetes at Different Fasting Blood Glucose Levels

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of Three Subgroups in This Study

Term	Total	NGT	P-value NGT vs PD	PD	P-value PD vs T2D	T2D
Baseline characteristics
Case	207	36		141		30
Age (years)^a	46.22±6.97	45.11±6.17	0.4513	46.11±7.33	0.1736	48.07±5.95
BMI (kg/m^2)^a	25.06±3.48	23.43±3.08	0.0039*	25.28±3.47	0.3573	25.93±3.47
SBP (mmHg)^a	127.10±17.76	124.17±14.28	0.2102	127.99±16.76	0.7406	126.40±24.97
DBP (mmHg)^a	76.12±15.04	73.25±18.87	0.2745	76.48±14.87	0.5238	77.87±9.71
WHR (cm/cm)^a	0.90±0.12	0.90±0.19	0.9449	0.89±0.06	0.1114	0.95±0.18
Hematology Examination
FBG (mg/dl)^a	116.39±30.40	90.48±7.17	<0.0001*	111.25±6.21	<0.0001*	171.65±46.85
TG (mmol/L)^a	2.55±2.51	1.81±1.12	0.0048*	2.51±1.84	0.2323	3.64±4.99
CHOL (mmol/L)^a	4.90±0.96	4.68±0.90	0.1357	4.95±0.99	0.7655	4.90±0.85
LDL (mmol/L)^a	2.60±0.65	2.37±0.73	0.0276*	2.64±0.64	0.8111	2.67±0.53
HDL (mmol/L)^a	1.41±0.45	1.73±0.53	<0.0001*	1.37±0.42	0.1737	1.25±0.34
TG:HDL^a	2.38±6.11	1.25±1.09	0.0009*	2.06±1.79	0.2759	5.20±15.44
UA (μmol/L)^a	324.63±89.06	287.86±73.04	0.0051*	335.75±94.08	0.2999	316.84±69.80
Metabolic parameters
TRX (pg/mL)^a	237.53±51.80	303.29±53.69	<0.0001*	235.65±28.50	<0.0001*	167.48±34.67
TXNIP (ng/mL) ^a	138.05±30.24	96.74±26.12	<0.0001*	139.23±15.18	<0.0001*	183.03±18.49
CASP1 (pg/mL) ^a	60.99±12.37	48.29±10.16	<0.0001*	59.98±7.21	<0.0001*	80.99±9.59
IL-1β (pg/mL) ^a	43.98±10.55	31.53±8.16	<0.0001*	43.73±5.79	<0.0001*	60.06±9.42
NLRP3 (pg/mL) ^a	446.29±100.73	315.00±84.22	<0.0001*	449.60±54.61	<0.0001*	588.30±82.48
FINS (μIU/mL) ^a	24.75±4.58	20.04±3.22	<0.0001*	24.30±2.62	<0.0001*	32.54±3.50
HOMA-IR^b	6.61 (2.95, 22.91)	4.37 (2.95, 5.62)	<0.0001*	6.61 (5.01, 8.91)	<0.0001*	12.31 (9.12, 22.91)
HOMA-β ^b	181.97 (44.67, 707.95)	251.26 (154.88, 707.95)	<0.0001*	181.97 (117.49, 251.19)	<0.0001*	130.33 (44.57, 218.78)
25(OH)D (ng/mL) ^a	23.93±5.15	30.36±5.21	<0.0001*	23.81±2.82	<0.0001*	16.78±3.59

Notes: ^aIndependent t-test, ^bmedian (min, max), Mann–Whitney test, *statistically significant values (P<0.05).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP and DBP, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively; WHR, waist to hip ratio; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TG, triglyceride; CHOL, total cholesterol; LDL and HDL, low-density and high-density lipoprotein, respectively; UA, uric acid; TRX, thioredoxin; TXNIP, thioredoxin-interacting protein; CASP1, CASP; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; NLRP3, The NOD-like receptor (NLR) family, pyrin domain-containing 3; FINS, fasting serum insulin; HOMA-IR and HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and β-cell function, respectively; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; PD, prediabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes.

Table 2 Univariable and Multivariate Logistic Regression in Metabolic Parameters of NGT vs PD and PD vs T2D

	NGT vs PD (ref=NGT)		PD vs T2D (ref=PD)
	Univariate OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Univariate OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
TRX (pg/mL)	0.950 (0.932–0.968)	0.945 (0.926–0.966)	0.923 (0.895–0.952)	0.912 (0.877–0.948)
TXNIP (ng/mL)	1.129 (1.081–1.179)	1.123 (1.075–1.173)	1.185 (1.109–1.266)	1.208 (1.114–1.310)
CASP1 (pg/mL)	1.208 (1.127–1.294)	1.204 (1.122–1.291)	1.368 (1.216–1.540)	1.407 (1.223–1.618)
IL-1β (pg/mL)	1.332 (1.206–1.471)	1.352 (1.210–1.512)	1.444 (1.256–1.661)	1.567 (1.293–1.899)
NLRP3 (pg/mL)	1.032 (1.021–1.044)	1.036 (1.022–1.050)	1.038 (1.023–1.053)	1.039 (1.023–1.055)
FINS (μIU/mL)	1.763 (1.447–2.148)	1.747 (1.427–2.138)	4.183 (2.166–8.075)	5.747 (2.232–14.796)
HOMA-IR^a	244.293 (18.637–999.99)	262.330 (16.863–999.99)	>999.99 (0.001–999.99)	>999.99 (0.023–999.99)
HOMA-β^a	0.960 (0.945–0.975)	0.961 (0.945–0.976)	0.948 (0.929–0.967)	0.947 (0.927–0.967)
25(OH)D (ng/mL)	0.588 (0.486–0.712)	0.543 (0.430–0.685)	0.462 (0.344–0.619)	0.434 (0.309–0.609)

Note: ^aAdjusted for BMI, TG:HDL, and UA.

Table 3 ROC Curve-Derived Values of NGT vs PD and PD vs T2D Group

	NGT vs PD			PD vs T2D
	AUC	Sensitivity/Specificity	Cut-Off ^a	AUC	Sensitivity/Specificity	Cut-Off ^a
TRX	0.8701 (0.7986–0.9416)	90.78%/69.44%	305.80	0.9387 (0.8971–0.9802)	93.33%/78.01%	157.16
TXNIP	0.9810 (0.8524–0.9839)	91.49%/83.33%	119.27	0.9710 (0.9488–0.9933)	100.00%/84.40%	155.99
CASP1	0.8176 (0.7311–0.9040)	83.69%/69.44%	52.64	0.9668 (0.9414–0.9921)	93.33%/85.82%	68.69
NLRP3	0.9034 (0.8384–0.9683)	95.04%/75.00%	372.43	0.9249 (0.8750–0.9749)	73.33%/95.74%	539.58
FINS	0.8531 (0.7704–0.9358)	80.85%/77.78%	21.78	0.9872 (0.9753–0.9992)	100.00%/92.91%	28.10
HOMA-IR	0.9864 (0.9742–0.9986)	90.78%/97.22%	5.62	1.000 (1.000–1.000)	100.00%/100.00%	9.12
HOMA-β	0.8584 (0.7796–0.9371)	78.72%/77.78%	286.45	0.8758 (0.8039–0.9476)	80.00%/78.72%	100.13
25(OH)D	0.8688 (0.7988–0.9388)	94.33%/63.89%	30.14	0.9376 (0.8950–0.9802)	76.67%/95.04%	17.68

Note: ^aCalculated by Youden index (=Sensitivity + Specificity − 1).