The Association Between Plasma Fatty Acid and Cognitive Function Mediated by Inflammation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Figures & data

Table 1 Multiple Linear Regression Between Adiposity and Biochemistry Biomarkers (n=372)

Variables	OGTT (mmol/l)		OGTT2 (mmol/l)		Insulin (uIU/mL)		HOMA-IR		QUICKI
	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.022	0.888	−0.026	0.844	0.021	<0.001**	0.000	0.564	−0.000	0.029*
Waist circumference (cm)	−0.006	0.753	0.022	0.523	0.007	0.001**	0.000	0.839	−0.000	0.045*
Hip circumference (cm)	−0.005	0.993	−0.005	0.985	0.006	0.008**	0.000	0.604	−0.000	0.114
Waist-hip ratio	−0.395	0.709	6.768	0.269	0.778	0.057	0.002	0.813	−0.024	0.196

Notes: Multiple linear regression adjusted for age, gender, BMI, education, smoking and alcohol habits; *Significant at P<0.05. **Significant at P<0.01.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; QUICKI, quantitative sensitivity check index.

Table 2 Multiple Linear Regression Between Adiposity and Inflammation (n=372)

Variables	IL-1β (pg/mL)		IL-10 (pg/mL)		NFκBp65 (pg/mL)		TNF-α (pg/mL)		hs-CRP (mg/L)		ET (EU/L)
	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.004	0.677	−0.019	0.241	0.027	0.337	−0.005	0.969	0.024	<0.001**	−0.321	0.719
Waist circumference (cm)	−0.000	0.861	−0.002	0.942	0.005	0.458	−0.002	0.881	0.008	<0.001**	−0.201	0.566
Hip circumference (cm)	−0.002	0.931	−0.001	0.884	0.006	0.486	−0.002	0.930	0.008	<0.001**	−0.330	0.285
Waist-hip ratio	0.198	0.705	−0.334	0.881	0.083	0.825	−0.330	0.826	0.544	0.195	7.046	0.703

Notes: Multiple linear regression adjusted for age, gender, BMI, education, smoking and alcohol habits. **Significant at P<0.01.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; IL, interleukin; NFκBp65, nuclear factor kappa-B; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; hs-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein; ET, endotoxin.

Table 3 Multiple Linear Regression Between Cognitive Function Score Measured by MMSE and Adiposity (n=372)

Variables	MMSE		MMSE Orientation Force		MMSE Computation		MMSE Memory		MMSE Delayed Recall		MMSE Language Skills
	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.014	0.336	−0.014	0.056	−0.002	0.817	0.000	0.639	0.005	0.997	−0.003	0.697
Waist circumference (cm)	−0.010	0.055	−0.004	0.069	−0.000	0.597	−0.000	0.313	−0.004	0.094	−0.001	0.466
Hip circumference (cm)	−0.004	0.236	−0.004	0.130	0.003	0.930	0.001	0.815	−0.000	0.381	−0.003	0.326
Waist-hip ratio	−1.814	0.105	−0.390	0.337	−0.530	0.314	−0.231	0.158	−1.007	0.109	0.345	0.957

Note: Multiple linear regression adjusted for age, gender, BMI, education, smoking and alcohol habits.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.

Table 4 Multiple Linear Regression Between Cognitive Function Score Measured by MoCA and Adiposity (n=372)

Variables	MoCA		MoCA Naming		MoCA Orientation Force		MoCA Delayed Recall		MoCA Abstract Thinking		MoCA Language Skills		MoCA Visual-Spatial Ability		MoCA Attention
	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.031	0.262	0.006	0.252	−0.007	0.190	−0.016	0.313	0.006	0.903	−0.025	0.051	0.002	0.999	0.004	0.970
Waist circumference (cm)	−0.010	0.144	0.002	0.381	−0.002	0.171	−0.005	0.193	0.006	0.445	−0.011	0.027*	−0.002	0.611	0.002	0.652
Hip circumference (cm)	−0.030	0.032*	0.002	0.468	0.000	0.479	−0.012	0.081	0.002	0.815	−0.014	0.015*	−0.014	0.091	0.005	0.800
Waist-hip ratio	2.574	0.785	0.107	0.655	−0.619	0.143	0.807	0.931	0.956	0.159	−0.423	0.581	2.310	0.150	−0.565	0.223

Notes: Multiple linear regression adjusted for age, gender, BMI, education, smoking and alcohol habits. *Significant at P<0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

Table 5 Multiple Linear Regression Between Plasma Fatty Acids and Biochemistry Biomarkers (n=372)

Variables (ug/mL)	OGTT (mmol/l)		OGTT2 (mmol/l)		Insulin (uIU/mL)		HOMA-IR		QUICKI
	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P
SFAs	1.427	<0.001**	2.035	<0.001**	0.128	0.011*	0.073	<0.001**	−0.009	<0.001**
C14:0	45.646	<0.001**	61.926	<0.001**	3.105	0.020*	2.305	<0.001**	−0.305	<0.001**
C15:0	204.830	<0.001**	367.020	<0.001**	6.788	0.248	9.531	<0.001**	−0.994	<0.001**
C16:0	2.275	<0.001**	3.270	<0.001**	0.153	0.023*	0.115	<0.001**	−0.014	<0.001**
C17:0	154.358	<0.001**	313.734	<0.001**	6.651	0.147	7.390	<0.001**	−0.930	<0.001**
C18:0	2.156	0.024	2.896	0.036*	0.428	0.012*	0.125	0.009**	−0.020	<0.001**
MUFAs	2.190	<0.001**	3.486	<0.001**	0.057	0.113	0.103	<0.001**	−0.011	<0.001**
C16:1	9.863	0.032*	10.319	0.099	0.654	0.179	0.817	0.009**	−0.108	<0.001**
C18:1 n-9c	2.486	<0.001**	4.045	<0.001**	0.061	0.114	0.114	<0.001**	−0.012	<0.001**
C20:1	99.834	0.055	185.556	0.017*	4.538	0.253	4.986	0.035*	−0.571	0.012*
n-6 PUFAs	1.726	<0.001**	3.076	<0.001**	0.021	0.453	0.076	<0.001**	−0.008	<0.001**
C18:2 n-6c	2.155	<0.001**	3.626	<0.001**	−0.004	0.779	0.093	<0.001**	−0.009	<0.001**
C18:3 n-6	35.329	0.043*	66.200	0.009**	4.730	0.020*	1.680	0.039*	−0.314	<0.001**
C20:3 n-6	14.725	0.122	32.161	0.002**	2.029	0.024*	0.714	0.079	−0.151	<0.001**
C20:4 n-6	3.252	0.054	8.459	0.001**	0.358	0.108	0.160	0.042*	−0.023	0.004**
n-3 PUFAs	10.670	0.005**	28.067	<0.001**	0.450	0.294	0.474	0.007**	−0.050	0.006**
C18:3 n-3	36.366	0.002**	73.025	<0.001**	1.798	0.151	1.699	0.002**	−0.199	0.001**
C20:5 n-3	22.997	0.211	63.636	0.006**	1.586	0.497	1.109	0.206	−0.141	0.116
C22:6 n-3	11.550	0.026*	37.352	<0.001**	0.333	0.538	0.479	0.038*	−0.042	0.070
PUFAs	1.598	<0.001**	2.931	<0.001**	0.023	0.419	0.070	<0.001**	−0.007	<0.001**
C20:2	64.679	0.033*	119.517	0.013*	1.345	0.373	3.014	0.025*	−0.352	0.008**
n-6/n-3	0.010	0.724	−0.116	0.018*	0.001	0.868	0.001	0.685	−0.000	0.733
SCD-18	0.859	0.009**	1.542	0.004**	−0.045	0.874	0.034	0.023*	−0.003	0.050*
D6D	19.586	0.342	40.700	0.121	8.450	0.003**	1.097	0.257	−0.347	0.002**

Notes: Multiple linear regression adjusted for age, gender, BMI, education, smoking and alcohol habits. *Significant at P<0.05. **Significant at P<0.01.

Abbreviations: SFAs, saturated fatty acids; MUFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SCD, stearoyl-CoA desaturase; D6D, delta-6-desaturase; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; QUICKI, quantitative sensitivity check index.

Table 6 Multiple Linear Regression Between Plasma Fatty Acids and Inflammation (n=372)

Variables (ug/mL)	IL-1β (pg/mL)		IL-10 (pg/mL)		NFκBp65 (pg/mL)		TNF-α (pg/mL)		hs-CRP (mg/L)		ET (EU/L)
	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P
SFAs	0.011	0.833	0.194	0.077	0.456	0.041*	−0.032	0.873	0.012	0.226	5.820	0.235
C14:0	−1.119	0.748	0.857	0.768	7.395	0.225	−0.569	0.932	1.426	0.017*	−42.820	0.385
C17:0	13.300	0.119	18.478	0.117	91.247	0.001**	19.521	0.064	0.108	0.579	560.979	0.128
C18:0	−0.012	0.912	0.810	0.012*	1.824	0.010*	−0.017	0.689	−0.102	0.520	34.256	0.004**
MUFAs	0.091	0.463	0.080	0.664	0.334	0.283	0.012	0.902	0.067	0.011*	−5.636	0.212
C16:1	−1.139	0.327	−0.374	0.944	−1.224	0.955	−0.223	0.877	0.519	0.031*	−64.428	0.050*
C18:1 n-9c	0.125	0.363	0.100	0.641	0.414	0.245	0.019	0.878	0.073	0.012*	−5.814	0.259
C20:1	9.293	0.340	18.903	0.164	65.548	0.038*	4.380	0.627	3.103	0.188	−87.101	0.868
C24:1	92.681	0.031*	104.488	0.098	−86.271	0.557	−35.158	0.540	−1.683	0.875	1333.765	0.585
n-6 PUFAs	0.113	0.267	−0.072	0.425	0.335	0.293	−0.037	0.768	0.057	0.012*	−3.429	0.237
C18:2 n-6c	0.118	0.357	−0.083	0.455	0.375	0.324	−0.103	0.516	0.061	0.040*	−3.309	0.294
C18:3 n-6	−3.147	0.500	−7.217	0.203	−2.135	0.877	1.960	0.699	1.624	0.013*	0.193	0.832
C20:3 n-6	−1.402	0.745	−3.133	0.211	5.170	0.346	−0.574	0.821	1.142	0.002**	−30.661	0.399
C20:4 n-6	0.627	0.112	−0.101	0.676	1.208	0.421	0.669	0.290	0.219	0.008**	−19.760	0.247
PUFAs	0.097	0.308	−0.059	0.464	0.306	0.293	−0.045	0.721	0.050	0.013*	−3.076	0.237
C20:2	10.788	0.106	9.148	0.413	50.862	0.035*	5.124	0.724	3.995	0.019*	174.053	0.691
SCD-16	−2.711	0.286	−2.502	0.413	−2.048	0.948	1.225	0.774	1.334	0.003**	−191.554	0.004**
SCD-18	0.078	0.293	−0.076	0.357	0.081	0.779	0.033	0.900	0.064	0.002**	−10.145	<0.001**
D6D	−5.473	0.408	−10.099	0.170	−9.294	0.891	6.128	0.394	1.245	0.031*	94.908	0.775

Notes: Multiple linear regression adjusted for age, gender, BMI, education, smoking and alcohol habits. *Significant at P<0.05. **Significant at P<0.01.

Abbreviations: SFAs, saturated fatty acids; MUFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SCD, stearoyl-CoA desaturase; D6D, delta-6-desaturase; IL, interleukin; NFκBp65, nuclear factor kappa-B; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; hs-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein; ET, endotoxin.

Table 7 Multiple Linear Regression Between Plasma Fatty Acids and Cognitive Function Score Measured by MMSE (n=372)

Variables (ug/mL)	MMSE		MMSE Orientation Force		MMSE Computation		MMSE Memory		MMSE Delayed Recall		MMSE Language Skills
	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P
C15:0	79.932	0.014*	7.901	0.254	31.602	0.144	−1.352	0.711	48.372	0.002**	−6.590	0.850
C18:0	−1.011	0.047*	−0.540	0.015*	−0.187	0.512	0.038	0.627	−0.405	0.124	0.083	0.494
C22:0	−146.030	0.439	24.964	0.573	65.259	0.448	3.077	0.865	−105.638	0.097	−133.692	0.037*
MUFAs	0.119	0.378	0.022	0.634	0.180	0.271	0.002	0.990	−0.046	0.968	−0.040	0.852
C14:1	−228.952	0.241	13.238	0.661	44.935	0.555	2.311	0.894	−131.129	0.041*	−158.306	0.017*
C24:1	−359.956	0.002**	−38.307	0.282	59.168	0.506	0.476	0.881	−145.976	0.001**	−235.316	<0.001**
SCD-18	0.276	0.019*	0.111	0.034*	0.123	0.148	−0.005	0.772	0.051	0.244	−0.004	0.311
D6D	−28.601	0.067	3.394	0.873	−10.795	0.434	0.575	0.959	−14.037	0.012*	−7.737	0.210
D5D	0.030	0.313	0.006	0.448	0.046	0.022*	−0.000	0.852	−0.009	0.487	−0.013	0.467

Notes: Multiple linear regression adjusted for age, gender, BMI, education, smoking and alcohol habits. *Significant at P<0.05. **Significant at P<0.01.

Abbreviations: MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; SCD, stearoyl-CoA desaturase; D5D, delta-5-desaturase; D6D, delta-6-desaturase; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.

Table 8 Multiple Linear Regression Between Plasma Fatty Acids and Cognitive Function Score Measured by MoCA (n=372)

Variables (ug/mL)	MoCA		MoCA Naming		MoCA Orientation Force		MoCA Delayed Recall		MoCA Abstract Thinking		MoCA Language Skills		MoCA Visual-Spatial Ability		MoCA Attention
	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P
SFAs	0.337	0.606	0.031	0.329	−0.144	0.033*	0.272	0.164	0.067	0.627	−0.217	0.062	0.332	0.118	−0.005	0.918
C15:0	115.422	0.046*	5.199	0.425	−2.532	0.904	40.913	0.119	−13.370	0.428	−6.378	0.987	73.059	0.005*	18.530	0.192
C18:0	−0.477	0.262	0.069	0.504	−0.510	0.004**	0.453	0.595	0.266	0.635	−1.179	0.001**	0.570	0.707	−0.145	0.310
C20:0	344.308	0.030*	8.893	0.630	−46.897	0.086	107.824	0.122	48.675	0.242	−1.696	0.832	203.139	0.003**	24.370	0.288
MUFAs	0.960	0.057	0.024	0.470	−0.024	0.996	0.443	0.074	−0.026	0.956	0.136	0.545	0.414	0.046*	−0.007	0.656
C18:1 n-9c	1.123	0.044*	0.028	0.431	−0.024	0.980	0.532	0.053	−0.013	0.840	0.149	0.547	0.459	0.043*	−0.010	0.662
C24:1	−408.584	0.020*	2.399	0.879	23.445	0.626	−171.639	0.043*	−80.553	0.054	12.534	0.882	−184.352	0.015*	−10.418	0.595
C18:3 n-6	1.759	0.676	0.234	0.743	−1.177	0.573	7.760	0.593	−12.092	0.005**	6.635	0.888	6.769	0.592	−6.370	0.324
C20:3 n-6	−2.322	0.326	−0.093	0.955	1.326	0.859	−1.499	0.575	−4.434	0.017*	−0.026	0.358	5.398	0.472	−2.994	0.247
C22:6 n-3	7.217	0.085	0.652	0.303	−2.352	0.226	6.249	0.013*	−1.726	0.523	1.051	0.424	3.462	0.172	−0.120	0.594
n-6/n-3	0.018	0.965	−0.006	0.083	0.015	0.046*	−0.020	0.142	0.007	0.575	0.010	0.734	0.009	0.681	0.004	0.822
SCD-16	−6.245	0.602	−0.548	0.515	0.689	0.636	−2.345	0.662	−5.052	0.014*	2.495	0.578	1.355	0.624	−2.838	0.459
SCD-18	0.697	0.004**	0.019	0.414	0.078	0.066	0.257	0.041*	−0.036	1.000	0.288	0.003**	0.102	0.123	−0.011	0.420
D6D	−18.261	0.223	0.316	0.689	−1.311	0.439	−1.512	0.677	−17.233	0.001**	7.658	0.982	1.990	0.958	−8.170	0.259
D5D	0.052	0.173	0.004	0.127	0.008	0.225	−0.002	0.982	0.024	0.030*	0.016	0.144	−0.029	0.365	0.031	0.018*

Notes: Multiple linear regression adjusted for age, gender, BMI, education, smoking and alcohol habits. *Significant at P<0.05. **Significant at P<0.01.

Abbreviations: SFAs, saturated fatty acids; MUFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids; SCD, stearoyl-CoA desaturase; D5D, delta-5-desaturase; D6D, delta-6-desaturase; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

Table 9 Multiple Linear Regression Between Cognitive Function Score Measured by MMSE, Inflammation and Biochemistry Biomarkers (n=372)

Variables	MMSE		MMSE Orientation Force		MMSE Computation		MMSE Memory		MMSE Delayed Recall		MMSE Language Skills
	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P
IL-1β (pg/mL)	−0.431	0.007**	−0.159	0.006**	−0.039	0.540	0.009	0.595	−0.198	0.007**	−0.044	0.254
IL-10 (pg/mL)	−0.017	0.954	−0.004	0.826	0.096	0.225	0.005	0.921	−0.072	0.113	−0.042	0.529
NFκBp65 (pg/mL)	−0.114	0.003**	−0.026	0.067	−0.062	0.014*	0.004	0.494	−0.039	0.024*	0.008	0.710
TNF-α (pg/mL)	−0.053	0.391	0.036	0.570	−0.017	0.596	−0.005	0.734	−0.026	0.604	−0.041	0.237
hs-CRP (mg/L)	0.754	0.336	0.087	0.635	0.079	0.909	−0.013	0.756	0.271	0.076	0.330	0.286
ET (EU/L)	−0.003	0.592	−0.001	0.694	−0.002	0.550	0.000	0.856	−0.001	0.277	0.001	0.320
OGTT (mmol/L)	−0.017	0.770	−0.013	0.464	0.010	0.663	−0.004	0.118	−0.005	0.709	−0.004	0.972
OGTT2 (mmol/L)	0.017	0.695	−0.003	0.432	0.013	0.757	−0.002	0.761	−0.001	0.571	0.009	0.869
Insulin (uIU/mL)	−0.025	0.526	−0.006	0.538	0.127	0.490	0.003	0.782	−0.155	0.037*	0.006	0.974
HOMA-IR	−0.286	0.838	−0.259	0.499	0.265	0.530	−0.087	0.122	−0.131	0.609	−0.074	0.983
QUICKI	−2.234	0.916	−2.069	0.557	−3.181	0.396	0.388	0.232	2.696	0.170	−0.068	0.863

Notes: Multiple linear regression adjusted for age, gender, BMI, education, smoking and alcohol habits. *Significant at P<0.05. **Significant at P<0.01.

Abbreviations: IL, interleukin; NFκBp65, nuclear factor kappa-B; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; hs-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; QUICKI, quantitative sensitivity check index; ET, endotoxin; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.

Table 10 Multiple Linear Regression Between Cognitive Function Score Measured by MoCA, Inflammation and Biochemistry Biomarkers (n=372)

Variables	MoCA		MoCA Naming		MoCA Orientation Force		MoCA Delayed Recall		MoCA Abstract Thinking		MoCA Language Skills		MoCA Visual-Spatial Ability		MoCA Attention
	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P
IL-1β (pg/mL)	−0.436	0.107	0.028	0.245	−0.050	0.190	−0.236	0.073	0.049	0.704	−0.079	0.409	−0.055	0.644	−0.093	0.100
IL-10 (pg/mL)	−0.117	0.727	0.013	0.631	0.011	0.770	−0.026	0.801	0.041	0.481	−0.174	0.030*	0.079	0.293	−0.060	0.255
NFκBp65 (pg/mL)	−0.136	0.017*	0.013	0.069	−0.007	0.304	−0.052	0.079	0.007	0.905	−0.040	0.053	−0.010	0.380	−0.048	0.004**
TNF-α (pg/mL)	−0.190	0.315	0.025	0.152	0.030	0.609	−0.074	0.464	0.029	0.757	−0.117	0.122	−0.030	0.611	−0.053	0.208
hs-CRP (mg/L)	0.120	0.691	0.065	0.248	−0.014	0.560	−0.198	0.447	0.171	0.707	−0.063	0.356	0.086	0.850	0.073	0.927
ET (EU/L)	0.004	0.554	0.000	0.322	−0.000	0.829	0.001	0.956	0.000	0.525	−0.002	0.348	0.004	0.098	0.001	0.959
OGTT (mmol/L)	−0.008	0.789	0.006	0.615	−0.005	0.816	0.005	0.827	−0.001	0.961	−0.022	0.246	0.020	0.774	−0.011	0.535
OGTT2 (mmol/L)	0.043	0.621	0.003	0.738	−0.005	0.219	0.034	0.338	0.009	0.973	−0.026	0.010*	0.032	0.459	−0.004	0.203
Insulin (uIU/mL)	−0.615	0.099	−0.018	0.940	0.005	0.500	0.009	0.563	−0.057	0.615	−0.190	0.063	−0.267	0.273	−0.098	0.310
HOMA-IR	−0.502	0.606	0.123	0.643	−0.082	0.884	0.036	0.973	−0.027	0.900	−0.534	0.165	0.306	0.899	−0.323	0.427
QUICKI	4.895	0.410	−0.203	0.995	−3.129	0.264	−3.134	0.864	−0.558	0.975	6.251	0.039*	3.456	0.416	2.212	0.455

Notes: Multiple linear regression adjusted for age, gender, BMI, education, smoking and alcohol habits. *Significant at P<0.05. **Significant at P<0.01.

Abbreviations: IL, interleukin; NFκBp65, nuclear factor kappa-B; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; hs-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; QUICKI, quantitative sensitivity check index; ET, endotoxin; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

Table 11 Summary of Mediation Models

Independent Variables (ug/mL)	Mediator	Dependent Variable	Total Effects	P	Indirect Effects	P	Direct Effects	P
C15:0	QUICKI	MMSE delayed recall	49.345	0.003**	−5.551	0.030*	54.896	0.001**
C18:0	IL-10 (pg/mL)	McCA language skill	−0.988	0.004**	−0.095	0.144	−0.892	0.011*
C20:0	hs-CRP (mg/L)	MMSE delayed recall	8.517	<0.001**	−0.025	<0.001**	8.543	<0.001**
C24:1	IL-10 (pg/mL)	MMSE computation	61.385	<0.001**	9.775	0.117	51.609	<0.001**
C24:1	IL1-β (pg/mL)	MMSE delayed recall	−146.536	<0.001**	−13.291	0.067	−133.245	<0.001**

Notes: Simple mediation analysis adjusted for age, gender, BMI, education, smoking and drinking habits. *Significant at P<0.05. **Significant at P<0.01.

Abbreviations: IL, interleukin; QUICKI, quantitative sensitivity check index; hs-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment.