Anthropometric cutoff values for detecting metabolic abnormalities in Jordanian adults

Figures & data

Figure 1 Prevalence rates of metabolic abnormalities according to the International Diabetes Federation definition for men and women.

Table 1 Anthropometric and clinical characteristics of 4590 Jordanian adults (1128 men and 3462 women) aged over 18 years according to gender

Variable	Mean (SD)		P value
	Male	Female
Age (year)	45.3 (14.2)	40.7 (12.9)	<0.005
Weight (kg)	82.4 (14.8)	73.7 (15.2)	<0.005
Height (cm)	169.2 (6.8)	156.3 (6.2)	<0.005
Waist circumference (cm)	93.5 (12.7)	85.3 (14.6)	<0.005
Hip circumference (cm)	103.4 (10.0)	107.6 (12.2)	<0.005
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	28.8 (5.0)	30.2 (6.2)	<0.005
Waist–hip ratio	0.90 (0.08)	0.79 (0.11)	<0.005
Waist–height ratio	0.55 (0.08)	0.54 (0.10)	0.043
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	124.9 (17.2)	121.3 (17.1)	<0.005
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	81.0 (10.9)	78.3 (10.0)	<0.005
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	199.4 (44.3)	204.0 (45.6)	<0.005
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	36.1 (11.1)	46.5 (13.3)	0.003
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	116.0 (36.9)	119.3 (37.6)	0.001
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)	110.8 (59.0)	99.6 (46.8)	<0.005
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	207.7 (137.8)	164.1 (115.9)	<0.005

Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Calculated areas under the ROC curves and their 95% CI of anthropometric indices for detecting metabolic abnormalities

	High blood pressure	High fasting blood glucose	Elevated triacylglycerol	Low HDL
	AUC (95% CI)	AUC (95% CI)	AUC (95% CI)	AUC (95% CI)
Males
BMI	0.662 (0.630, 0.693)	0.631 (0.587, 0.676) b	0.638 (0.604, 0.673) b	0.615 (0.578, 0.652)
WC	0.662 (0.631, 0.694)	0.690 (0.647, 0.733) a	0.666 (0.633, 0.699) a	0.621 (0.584, 0.658)
WHR	0.646 (0.614, 0.678)	0.720 (0.678, 0.761) a	0.655 (0.622, 0.688)	0.636 (0.600, 0.672)
WHtR	0.664 (0.633, 0.696)	0.702 (0.660, 0.744) a	0.662 (0.628, 0.695) a	0.610 (0.573, 0.647)
Females
BMI	0.731 (0.713, 0.748) a	0.683 (0.656, 0.711) b	0.695 (0.677, 0.713)	0.647 (0.627, 0.666) a
WC	0.722 (0.702, 0.741) a	0.715 (0.686, 0.744) a	0.692 (0.673, 0.710) b	0.640 (0.620, 0.660) a
WHR	0.675 (0.655, 0.695) b	0.731 (0.700, 0.761) a	0.684 (0.665, 0.703) b	0.622 (0.602, 0.642) b
WHtR	0.725 (0.706, 0.744) a	0.723 (0.694, 0.751) a	0.701 (0.683, 0.719) a	0.638 (0.618, 0.657) a

Notes: Within each column, anthropometric parameters with letter “a” are significantly superior to other parameters with letter “b”.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; AUC, area under concentration time curve; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; ROC, receiver-operating characteristic curve; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio.

Table 3 Anthropometric parameters cutoff values for detecting high fasting blood glucose, high blood pressure, elevated triacylglycerol level, and low HDL for men and women

Index	High blood pressure			High fasting blood glucose			Elevated triacylglycerol			Low HDL
	Cutoff	Sens	Spec	Cutoff	Sens	Spec	Cutoff	Sens	Spec	Cutoff	Sens	Spec
Males
BMI	27.2	0.765	0.492	27.1	0.819	0.404	26.2	0.805	0.442	26.2	0.768	0.434
WC	90.2	0.728	0.524	91.8	0.763	0.522	89.6	0.75	0.516	88.5	0.727	0.472
WHR	0.88	0.75	0.51	0.90	0.751	0.596	0.89	0.702	0.558	0.88	0.673	0.551
WHtR	0.50	0.752	0.52	0.50	0.802	0.512	0.50	0.783	0.481	0.51	0.75	0.443
Females
BMI	30.0	0.726	0.626	29.1	0.786	0.489	28.0	0.8	0.508	27.2	0.746	0.47
WC	88.5	0.653	0.719	87.5	0.743	0.627	84.5	0.71	0.612	84.5	0.6	0.619
WHR	0.82	0.543	0.745	0.83	0.655	0.75	0.8	0.656	0.648	0.8	0.515	0.686
WHtR	0.51	0.621	0.76	0.51	0.778	0.611	0.50	0.714	0.626	0.50	0.492	0.724

Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; Sens, sensitivity; Spec, specificity; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR, waistto-height ratio.

Table 4 Relationship between the four anthropometric indices with metabolic abnormalities in multivariate analysis

Index	High blood pressure		High fasting blood glucose		Elevated triacylglycerol		Low HDL
	OR*	95% CI	OR*	95% CI	OR*	95% CI	OR*	95% CI
BMI
Male	2.32	(1.76, 3.06)	1.80	(1.15, 2.82)	2.98	(2.22, 3.99)	2.42	(1.79, 3.26)
Female	2.63	(2.21, 3.12)	2.11	(1.58, 2.80)	2.51	(2.13, 2.96)	2.00	(1.71, 2.38)
WC
Male	2.27	(1.73, 2.99)	2.28	(1.51, 3.46)	2.96	(2.22, 3.93)	2.23	(1.66, 3.00)
Female	2.48	(2.08, 2.96)	2.59	(1.97, 3.41)	2.30	(1.94, 2.72)	1.98	(1.67, 2.34)
WHR
Male	2.02	(1.51, 2.69)	2.39	(1.56, 3.64)	2.72	(2.03, 3.64)	2.25	(1.66, 3.06)
Female	1.62	(1.36, 0.94)	2.31	(1.56, 3.48)	2.12	(1.80, 2.50)	1.83	(1.54, 2.16)
WHtR
Male	2.40	(1.80, 3.21)	2.41	(1.70, 3.96)	3.13	(2.31, 4.22)	2.48	(1.83, 3.43)
Female	2.49	(2.13, 2.99)	2.74	(2.05, 3.66)	2.53	(2.13, 3.00)	2.12	(1.81, 2.51)

* Notes: Adjusted for age, marital status, income, smoking, and physical activity.

Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; OR, odds ratio; Sens, sensitivity; Spec, specificity; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio.