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Infection and Drug Resistance Volume 14, 2021 - Issue
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Original Research

A Simulated Client Exploration of Nonprescription Dispensing of Antibiotics at Drugstores for Pediatric Acute Diarrhea and Upper Respiratory Infection in Lahore, Pakistan

Usman Rashid Malik1 Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China;2 Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China;3 Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China’s Western Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi’an, 710000, People’s Republic of ChinaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8872-9749
ORCID Icon,
Jie Chang1 Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China;2 Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China;3 Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China’s Western Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi’an, 710000, People’s Republic of China
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Furqan Hashmi4 University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, PakistanORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4921-3739
ORCID Icon,
Naveel Atif1 Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China;2 Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China;3 Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China’s Western Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi’an, 710000, People’s Republic of China
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Hareem Basir5 Royal Albert Edward Infirmary, Wigan, WN1 2NN, UK
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Khezar Hayat1 Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China;2 Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China;3 Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China’s Western Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi’an, 710000, People’s Republic of China;6 Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, PakistanORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7984-1870
ORCID Icon,
Faiz Ullah Khan1 Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China;2 Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China;3 Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China’s Western Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi’an, 710000, People’s Republic of ChinaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1022-8688
ORCID Icon,
John Alimamy Kabba1 Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China;2 Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China;3 Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China’s Western Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi’an, 710000, People’s Republic of China
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Krizzia Lambojon1 Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China;2 Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China;3 Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China’s Western Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi’an, 710000, People’s Republic of ChinaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7618-3315
ORCID Icon &
Yu Fang1 Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China;2 Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China;3 Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China’s Western Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi’an, 710000, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3187-2007
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Pages 1129-1140 | Published online: 22 Mar 2021

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics and Practices of Visited Drugstores (Total Simulated Visits N=773)

Table 2 Factors Associated with Dispensing of Antibiotics without Prescription

Figure 1 Staff response for simulated visits in which antibiotics were dispensed (n=456).

Figure 1 Staff response for simulated visits in which antibiotics were dispensed (n=456).

Figure 2 Antibiotics dispensed at drugstores for simulated disease scenarios (N=518, two antibiotics were dispensed at one time in 62 simulated visits).

Figure 2 Antibiotics dispensed at drugstores for simulated disease scenarios (N=518, two antibiotics were dispensed at one time in 62 simulated visits).

Table 3 Differences in Practices of Drugstores for Each Disease Scenario Presented

Table 4 Differences in Practices Between the Drugstores Supervised by Pharmacist and without Pharmacist

Table 5 Differences in Characteristics and Practices of Different Categories of Drugstores

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