A Simulated Client Exploration of Nonprescription Dispensing of Antibiotics at Drugstores for Pediatric Acute Diarrhea and Upper Respiratory Infection in Lahore, Pakistan

References

• World Health Organization (WHO). Antibiotic Resistance: Multi-Country Public Awareness Survey. 2015. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/194460/1/9789241509817_eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 224, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. 2015. Available from: https://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/publications/global-action-plan/en/. Accessed 224, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Marquet K, Liesenborgs A, Bergs J, Vleugels A, Claes N. Incidence and outcome of inappropriate in-hospital empiric antibiotics for severe infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):1. doi:10.1186/s13054-015-0795-y25560635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goossens H, Ferech M, Vander Stichele R, Elseviers M. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet. 2005;365(9459):579–587. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)17907-015708101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah JJ, Ahmad H, Rehan BB, et al. Self-medication with antibiotics among non-medical university students of Karachi: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014;15(1):1–7. doi:10.1186/2050-6511-15-7424417770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Report on Surveillance of Antibiotic Consumption. 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Van Boeckel TP, Gandra S, Ashok A, et al. Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(8):742–750. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70780-725022435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan DJ, Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Perencevich EN, Weisenberg S. Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(9):692–701. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70054-821659004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang J, Xu S, Zhu S, et al. Assessment of non-prescription antibiotic dispensing at community pharmacies in China with simulated clients: a mixed cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;3099(19):1–10. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30324-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horumpende PG, Sonda TB, van Zwetselaar M, et al. Prescription and non-prescription antibiotic dispensing practices in part I and part II pharmacies in Moshi Municipality, Kilimanjaro Region in Tanzania: a simulated clients approach. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):1–14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llor C, Cots JM. The sale of antibiotics without prescription in pharmacies in Catalonia, Spain. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(10):1345–1349. doi:10.1086/59818319361303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driesen A, Vandenplas Y. How do pharmacists manage acute diarrhoea in an 8-month-old baby? A simulated client study. Int J Pharm Pract. 2009;17(4):215–220. doi:10.1211/ijpp.17.04.000420217946
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zawahir S, Lekamwasam S, Aslani P. Antibiotic dispensing practice in Sri Lankan community pharmacies: a simulated client study. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2019;15(5):584–590. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.07.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaacoub SG, Koyess V, Lahoud N, et al. Antibiotic prescribing for acute uncomplicated cystitis in Lebanese community pharmacies using a simulated patient. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2019;17(4):1–8. doi:10.18549/PharmPract.2019.4.1604
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cars O, Nordberg P. Antibiotic resistance-the faceless threat. Int J Risk Saf Med. 2005;17:103–110.
   Google Scholar
• Hadi MA, Karami NA, Al-Muwalid AS, et al. Community pharmacists’ knowledge, attitude, and practices towards dispensing antibiotics without prescription (DAwP): a cross-sectional survey in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;47:95–100. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2016.06.00327343987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collignon P, Athukorala P-C, Senanayake S, Khan F, Conly J. Antimicrobial resistance: the major contribution of poor governance and corruption to this growing problem. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):1–13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116746
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cars O, Högberg L. Innovating for antibacterial resistance. ESCMID News. 2008;2(23):22–24.
   Google Scholar
• Gerber JS, Newland JG, Coffin SE, et al. Variability in antibiotic use at children’s hospitals. Pediatrics. 2010;126(6):1067–1073. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-127521078728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaidi AKM, Huskins WC, Thaver D, Bhutta ZA, Abbas Z, Goldmann DA. Hospital-acquired neonatal infections in developing countries. Lancet. 2005;365(9465):1175–1188. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71881-X15794973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Houten CB, Cohen A, Engelhard D, et al. Antibiotic misuse in respiratory tract infections in children and adults- a prospective, multicentre study (TAILORED treatment). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019;38(3):505–514. doi:10.1007/s10096-018-03454-230707378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hersh AL, Shapiro DJ, Pavia AT, Shah SS. Antibiotic prescribing in ambulatory pediatrics in the United States. Pediatrics. 2011;128(6):1053–1061. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-133722065263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. The Under-5 Mortality Rate in Pakistan in 2018. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?contextual=region&end=2018&locations=PK&start=1960. Accessed 819, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of National Health Services Regulations & Coordination G of P. Antimicrobial resistance: national action plan Pakistan. 2017. Available from: https://www.nih.org.pk/amr-national-action-plan-pakistan/. Accessed 224, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Saleem Z, Hassali MA, Hashmi FK, Godman B, Saleem F. Antimicrobial dispensing practices and determinants of antimicrobial resistance: a qualitative study among community pharmacists in Pakistan. Fam Med Community Health. 2019;7:3. doi:10.1136/fmch-2019-000138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain A, Ibrahim MIM. Qualification, knowledge and experience of dispensers working at community pharmacies in Pakistan. Pharm Pract. 2011;9(2):93–100. doi:10.4321/s1886-36552011000200006
   Google Scholar
• Butt ZA, Gilani AH, Nanan D, Sheikh AL, White F. Quality of pharmacies in Pakistan: a cross-sectional survey. Int J Qual Health Care. 2005;17(4):307–313. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzi04915879009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillani AH, Ji W, Hussain W, Imran A. Antibiotic self-medication among non-medical university students in Punjab, Pakistan: a cross-sectional survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(10):1152. doi:10.3390/ijerph14101152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gastelurrutia MA, Larrañaga B, Garay Á, Echeveste FA, Fernandez-Llimos F. Impact of a program to reduce the dispensing of antibiotics without a prescription in Spain. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2013;11(4):185–190. doi:10.4321/S1886-3655201300040000224367457
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Administrative Towns of Lahore. Available from: https://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/tma_lahore. Accessed 624, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Raosoft Sample Size Calculator. Available from: http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html. Accessed 224, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Khan A, Iqbal Q, Haider S, Khalid A, Hassali MA, Saleem F. Acute diarrheal management in adults: a simulated client study at community pharmacies of Quetta City, Pakistan. J Pharm Pract Community Med. 2019;5(1):13–17. doi:10.5530/jppcm.2019.1.3
   Google Scholar
• Hussain A, Ibrahim MIM. Management of diarrhoea cases by community pharmacies in 3 cities of Pakistan. East Mediterr Health J. 2012;18(6):635–640. doi:10.26719/2012.18.6.63522888622
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hussain A, Ibrahim MIM, Malik M. Assessment of disease management of acute respiratory tract infection at community pharmacies through simulated visits in Pakistan. Lat Am J Pharm. 2012;31(10):1435–1440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekwochi U, Chinawa JM, Obi I, Obu HA, Agwu S. Use and/or misuse of antibiotics in management of diarrhea among children in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. J Trop Pediatr. 2013;59(4):314–316. doi:10.1093/tropej/fmt01623619599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogler S, Vitry A, Ud-Bin-Babar Z. Prices of oncology medicines in European countries, Australia and New Zealand. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2015;8(Suppl 1):P16. doi:10.1186/2052-3211-8-s1-p16
   Google Scholar
• Torres NF, Solomon VP, Middleton LE. Identifying the commonly used antibiotics for self-medication in urban Mozambique: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(12):1–10. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Mohamadi A, Badr A, Bin Mahfouz L, Samargandi D, Al Ahdal A. Dispensing medications without prescription at Saudi community pharmacy: extent and perception. Saudi Pharm J. 2013;21(1):13–18. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2011.11.00323960815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abubakar U, Tangiisuran B. Knowledge and practices of community pharmacists towards non-prescription dispensing of antibiotics in Northern Nigeria. Int J Clin Pharm. 2020;42(2):756–764. doi:10.1007/s11096-020-01019-y32270378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Wang YM, Jie CX, Hesketh T. Ease of access to antibiotics without prescription in Chinese pharmacies: a nationwide cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2018;392:80. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32709-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawahir S, Lekamwasam S, Aslani P. Community pharmacy staff’s response to symptoms of common infections: a pseudo-patient study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8(1):1–10. doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0510-x30622702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gajdács M, Paulik E, Szabó A. Knowledge, attitude and practice of community pharmacists regarding antibiotic use and infectious diseases: a cross-sectional survey in Hungary (KAPPhA-HU). Antibiotics. 2020;9(2):2. doi:10.3390/antibiotics9020041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams DJ, Eberly MD, Rajnik M, Nylund CM. Risk factors for community-associated clostridium difficile infection in children. J Pediatr. 2017;186:105–109. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.03.03228396027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shet A, Sundaresan S, Forsberg BC. Pharmacy-based dispensing of antimicrobial agents without prescription in India: appropriateness and cost burden in the private sector. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2015;4(1):1–7. doi:10.1186/s13756-015-0098-825717374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parienti -J-J, Cattoir V, Thibon P, et al. Hospital-wide modification of fluoroquinolone policy and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus rates: a 10-year interrupted time-series analysis. J Hosp Infect. 2011;78(2):118–122. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2011.03.00821497946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Dynamics E and P (CDDEP). Situation Analysis Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in Pakistan – Findings and Recommendations for Antibiotics Use and Resistance. 2017. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
   Google Scholar
• Bin Abdulhak AA, Altannir MA, Almansor MA, et al. Non prescribed sale of antibiotics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):1–5. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-53821199570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang J, Ye D, Lv B, et al. Sale of antibiotics without a prescription at community pharmacies in urban China: a multicentre cross-sectional survey. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(4):1235–1242. doi:10.1093/jac/dkw51928062684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi L, Chang J, Liu X, et al. Dispensing antibiotics without a prescription for acute cough associated with common cold at community pharmacies in Shenyang, Northeastern China: a cross-sectional study. Antibiotics. 2020;9(4):1–16. doi:10.3390/antibiotics9040163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alrasheedy AA, Alsalloum MA, Almuqbil FA, et al. The impact of law enforcement on dispensing antibiotics without prescription: a multi-methods study from Saudi Arabia. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2020;18(1):87–97. doi:10.1080/14787210.2020.170515631834825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Primary and Secondary Healthcare Department G of P. Monitoring of prescription based sale of Schedule B and Schedule D drugs. Available from: https://pshealthpunjab.gov.pk/. Accessed 814, 2020.
   Google Scholar