Factors Associated with 30-Day in-Hospital Mortality Among Patients Admitted with Severe Covid-19 in Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital

Figures & data

Figure 1 Study flow of patients.

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of Study Patients at Admission

Characteristic	N	Overall	Survivors		Non-Survivors		P-value
			N		N
Men n (%)	279	162 (58.1)	145	89 (61.4)	134	73 (54.5)	0.243
Age, mean (± SD) -years-	279	61 (17.4)	145	59 (17.2)	134	64.4 (17.3)	0.243
Smoking, n (%)	133	30 (22.6)	81	20 (24.7)	52	10 (19.2)	0.426
Length of hospital stay median (IQR)	278	7 (3,10)	144	8 (5,11)	134	5 (2,9)	<0.001
Obesity, n (%)	279	9 (3.2)	145	4 (44.5)	135	5 (55.6)	0.646
Diabetes, n (%)	279	83 (30)	145	39 (47)	135	44 (53)	0.278
Hypertension, n (%)	279	85 (30.5)	145	41 (28.3)	135	44 (32.8)	0.408
Chronic lung disease, n (%)	278	7 (2.5)	145	5 (3.4)	133	2 (1.5)	0.278
HIV, n (%)	130	14 (10.8)	77	7 (9.1)	53	7 (13.2)	0.457
Others, n (%)	279	26 (9.3)	145	9 (6.2)	134	17 (12.7)	0.781

Note: (Bolded text indicates the significant findings).

Abbreviations: HIV, Human Immunodeficiency disease; IQR, Interquartile Range; SD, Standard deviation.

Table 2 Signs and Symptoms of Participants at Admission

Characteristics	N	Overall	Survivors		Non-Survivors		P-value
			N		N
	269	91 (34.0)	141	95 (19)	128	99 (17)	0.968
Systolic pressure, mean (± SD)-mmHg	271	126 (22)	139	126 (21)	132	126 (23)	0.466
Respiratory rate, mean (SD) -bpm-	163	31 (8)	85	30 (9)	78	32 (6)	0.914
Axillary temperature mean (± SD) –℃	134	37.4 (1.3)	78	37.3 (1.3)	56	37.4 (1.2)	0.634
Oxygen saturation on room air, median (IQR)	274	81 (67, 87)	144	85 (75, 88)	130	76 (55, 85)	<0.001
Fever, n (%)	279	120 (43)	145	72 (57.7)	134	48 (35.8)	0.02
Cough, n (%)	279	240 (86)	145	129 (89)	134	111 (82.9)	0.14
Headache, n (%)	279	35 (12.5)	145	20 (13.8)	134	15 (11.2)	0.513
Dyspnea, n (%)	279	210 (75.3)	145	109 (75.2)	134	101 (75.4)	0.969
Chest pain, n (%)	279	101 (36.3)	145	54 (37.2)	134	47 (35.1)	0.707
Fatigue, n (%)	279	79 (28.3)	145	37 (25.5)	134	42 (31.3)	0.281
Altered level of consciousness, n (%)	279	22 (7.9)	145	8 (5.5)	134	14 (10.5)	0.127

Note: (Bolded text indicates the significant findings).

Abbreviations: IQR, Interquartile Range; SD, Standard deviation; C, degree Celsius; bpm, breath per minute; mmHg, millimeters of mercury.

Table 3 Laboratory Values at Admission

Characteristic	N	Overall	Survivors		Non Surviors		P-value
			N		N
Creatinine, median (IQR) -mg/dl-	152	1.2 (0.9,1.6)	73	1.1 (0.9, 1.3)	79	1.2 (1.0, 1.8)	0.017
AST, median (IQR) -U/L-	51	55.9 (33.0,99.6)	27	42.3 (38.3,71.0)	24	66.3 (39.5, 112)	0.51
CRP, median (IQR) -mg/dl-	83	117 (48,200)	33	95.3 (48, 182.5)	50	143.0 (48, 200)	0.27
Leukocytes, median (IQR) −10^3/ µL -	189	8.2 (6.0,115)	93	7.4 (5.8, 11.0)	96	8.9 (6.0, 12.59)	0.094
Hemoglobin, mean (± SD) -g/dl-	186	13.5 (2.5)	90	13.6 (2.3)	96	13.4 (2.7)	0.317
Platelets, median (IQR) µL	165	191 (150,269)	85	216 (167, 275)	80	214 (140, 251)	0.0386
Absolute lymphocyte count, median (IQR)-10^3/ µL	175	1.1 (4.4,11.4)	85	1.1 (0.7, 1.6)	90	1.0 (0.7, 1.6)	0.676
Absolute neutrophil count, median (IQR)-10^3/ µL	175	6.7 (4.4,11.4)	75	6.0 (4.2, 9.4)	84	7.7 (4.9, 12.4)	0.0278
Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, median (IQR) 10^3/µL	174	5.5 (1.9,10.5)	85	4.0 (1.3, 8.6)	89	7.3 (3.0, 10.1)	0.001
RBS at Admission median,(IQR) mmol/L	94	11.5 (6.8,17.0)	46	11.2 (6.4,15.6)	48	12.0 (6.9,17.2)	0.782
D-dimer, median (IQR) -ng/mL	109	1.65 (0.7,3.6)	52	1.9 (0.5, 4.52)	57	1.5 (1.0, 2.66)	0.971

Note: (Bolded text indicates the significant findings).

Abbreviations: IQR, Interquartile Range; SD, Standard deviation; CRP, C-reactive protein; ng/mL, Nanograms per milliliter; RBS, Random Blood Sugar; g/dl, gram/deciliter; mg/dl, milligrams per deciliter; mmol/L, millimoles per liter; AST, Aspartate Transaminase.

Table 4 Risk Factors Associated with 30-Day in-Hospital Mortality

Variable	Unadjusted Estimate			Adjusted Estimate
	OR	95% CI	P value	aOR	95% CI	P value
Age≥65 years	1.87	1.12–3.0	0.01	3.88	1.24–11.70	0.020
Fever	0.56	0.35–0.91	0.020	0.63	0.22–1.82	0.393
Male gender	0.75	0.48–1.21	0.244
Diabetes	1.33	0.79–2.22	0.277	1.21	0.34–3.05	0.965
Hypertension	1.24	0.74–2.06	0.409
Smoking	0.72	0.36–1.71	0.467
Obesity	1.36	0.36–5.12	0.647
Oxygen saturation < 80%	3.3	2.00–5.4	< 0.001	1.63	0.53–5.03	0.398
Neutrophil Lymphocyte ratio ≥6	3.02	1.62–5.62	<0.001	4.83	1.53–15.28	0.007
Creatinine≥1.5 mg/dl	2.31	1.1–4.86	0.27
Maximum oxygen requirement during hospitalization ≥15L/min	12.58	6.95–22.74	<0.001	15.80	5.17–48.25	<0.001
ARDS	4.61	2.55–8.35	<0.001	2.22	0.66–7.44	0.225

Notes: Adjusted by age, male gender, fever, NLR, ARDS, Oxygen saturation < 80%, Creatinine≥1.5, DM. (Bolded text indicates the significant findings).

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; aOR, adjusted Odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NLR, Neutrophil Lymphocyte ratio; ARDS, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome; DM, Diabetes Mellitus.