Biofilm-Associated Multi-Drug Resistance in Hospital-Acquired Infections: A Review

Figures & data

Figure 1 The link between biofilm-hospital-infection.

Abbreviations: HCWs, healthcare workers; UTI, urinary tract infection; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; VRE, vancomycin-resistant Enterococci.

Table 1 Summary of Studies Reported the Isolate, Biofilm Production, and MDR

Reference	Country	Study Period	Specimen	Bacterial Isolate, Number	Biofilm Production (%)	Biofilm Phenotype	Biofilm-Associated MDR (%)
[9]	Nepal	-	Wound/pus swab	S. aureus, 43	58.1	Strong: 4.65 Moderate: 23.25 Weak: 30.23	86.7
[50]	India	2011	Urine	E. coli, 135	13.5	-	100.0
[51]	China	2010–13	-	A. baumannii, 272	91.0	Strong: 23.0 Weak: 68.4	71.5
[52]	Tehran	2012–13	-	MRSA, 36	100.0	-	100.0
[53]	Thailand	2013–14	Sputum, urine, pus, blood, pleural fluid, ascetic fluid and wound	A. baumannii, 225	76.9	Strong: 23.6 Moderate: 32.9 Weak: 20.4	73.3
[54]	Nepal	2015	Wound/pus swab	S. aureus, 76	46.1	-	68.6
[55]	Iran	2016–17	Urine, wound exudates, intratracheal tube, blood, and sputum	K. pneumoniae, 100	75.0	Strong: 25.0 Moderate: 19.0 Weak: 31.0	51.0
[56]	Iran	2017–18	-	P. aeruginosa, 80	83.75	-	17.91
[57]	Indonesia	2017–18	Sputum, bronchial washing, tracheal aspiration, pus, urine, blood, stool, wound swab, peritoneal fluid, and others	K. pneumoniae, 167	85.63	Strong: 26.95 Moderate: 28.74 Weak: 29.94	49.1
[58]	Iraq	2017–18	Sputum, urine, bronchial wash, swabs (burn, wound, and ear)	P. aeruginosa, 100	98.0	Strong: 22.0 Moderate: 50.0 Weak: 26.0	58.2
[59]	Uganda	2018	-	E. coli, 200	62.5	-	64.0
[60]	Pakistan	2018	Wound swab, sputum, urine, and blood	P. aeruginosa, 52	100.0	Strong: 36.3 Moderate: 40.3 Weak: 17.3	38.4
[61]	Egypt	2018–19	Sputum, endotracheal aspirate, blood, and wound swab	A. baumannii, 94	70.1	Strong: 20.2 Moderate: 34.0 Weak: 16.0	34.8
[62]	Gujranwala	2020	Urine catheter tips	K. pneumoniae, 170	66.66	Strong: 22.66 Weak: 44.0	82.0

Abbreviations: MDR, multi-drug resistance; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; CoNS, coagulase negative Staphylococcus aureus.

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